Indlela Yokuthola Ubukhona Bezinambuzane Emfuyweni
Izimuncagazi emfuyweni zingenye yezinkinga zempilo ezivame kakhulu ezinciphisa umkhiqizo. Ukuba khona kwazo akubonakali ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa umthelela ungaba mkhulu: ukukhuluphala okuhamba kancane, ukwehla kokukhiqizwa kobisi, ubuthakathaka bamasosha omzimba, ngisho nokufa ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, abalimi kudingeka baqonde ukuthi bangazibona kanjani izimuncagazi kusenesikhathi ukuze kube lula ukwelashwa okusheshayo nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela yokuthola izimuncagazi emfuyweni ngokubheka izimpawu, ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba, kanye nokuhlolwa okulula kwelebhu.
1. Qonda izinhlobo zezinambuzane emfuyweni
Ngokuvamile, izimuncagazi emfuyweni zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu, okuyizimuncagazi zangaphakathi kanye nezimuncagazi zangaphandle.
1) Izimuncagazi zangaphakathi (ama-endoparasites) zihlala ngaphakathi kwemizimba yezilwane. Isibonelo:
– Izimpethu zamathumbu (izimpethu eziyindilinga, izimpethu ezithambile)
– I-Liver fluke (i-Fasciola)
– I-Protozoa ebangela i-coccidiosis
– Ezinye izimuncagazi (isib. iBabesia/i-Anaplasma ezimweni ezithile)
2) Izilokazane zangaphandle (ama-ectoparasites) zihlala ebusweni bomzimba wemfuyo. Isibonelo:
– Izintwala
– Amakhizane/izibungu
– Izimpukane ezimunca igazi
- Imbangela eyodwa yokhwekhwe
I-parasite ngayinye ibangela izimpawu ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ukutholwa kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela ehlelekile: kuqala ngokubheka nsuku zonke, ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba, bese ekugcineni kuqinisekiswa ngokuhlolwa kwesampula, uma kudingeka.
2. Ukutholwa ngokushintsha kokusebenza kanye nokuziphatha
Isinyathelo sokuqala esilula kakhulu kubalimi ukuqapha izinguquko ekusebenzeni kwemfuyo. Izimuncagazi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezithinta umgudu wokugaya ukudla, zivame ukubangela ukuthi imfuyo ibonakale "ingathuthuki kahle" naphezu kokudla okwanele.
Izimpawu okufanele uziqaphele zifaka:
- Ukunciphisa isifiso sokudla noma ukudla okukhethiwe
– Ukukhuluphala kancane kwezinkomo/izimbuzi/izimvu ezikhuluphalisiweyo
– Ukukhiqizwa kobisi kwehla ezinkomeni zobisi
– Imfuyo ibuthakathaka, iyavilapha ukuhamba, ilala phansi kaningi
– Uboya obubuthuntu, obumile, kulula ukubuwa
– Ukuphaphatheka kolwelwesi lwamafinyila (okubonisa ukuntuleka kwegazi), ikakhulukazi uma kunezinambuzane ezimunca igazi njengezikelemu ezithile noma amakhizane.
– Ukuklwebha umzimba njalo, ukuluma isikhumba, ukungaphumuli (okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nama-ectoparasites)
– Izinkinga zokuzala: ukungacaci kwesifiso sobulili, ukwehla kwezinga lokukhulelwa (kungahlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka kanye nesimo somzimba esibi kakhulu)
Lokhu kubhekwa kufanele kwenziwe njalo, isibonelo ngesikhathi sokuncelisa ekuseni nakusihlwa. Amarekhodi alula esisindo somzimba, ukudla okudliwayo, kanye nokukhiqizwa kobisi kuzosiza kakhulu ekutholeni izinkinga kusenesikhathi.
3. Ukutholwa ngokuhlolwa kwendle kanye nezimpawu zokugaya ukudla
Izimuncagazi zangaphakathi zivame ukubangela izimpawu endleleni yokugaya ukudla. Ngakho-ke, indle yemfuyo iyifasitela elibalulekile empilweni yazo.
Ezinye izimpawu okufanele uzisole:
– Uhudo oluhlala isikhathi eside noma oluphindaphindayo, ikakhulukazi emfuyweni encane
– Indle ekhululekile exutshwe ne-mucus (ingahlotshaniswa nokutheleleka kwe-protozoa/coccidia)
– Izitulo ezinombala omnyama kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile
– Ukuba khona kwezibungu kubonakala endle noma eduze kwendunu (nakuba kungabonakali ngaso sonke isikhathi)
– Isisu esikhulu/esivuvukele kodwa umzimba omncane (ngokuvamile sibonakala ezifweni ezingamahlalakhona zezikelemu)
Ezifuyweni ezidla inyama (izinkomo, izimbuzi, nezimvu), ukutheleleka kwezibungu ezithile kungabangela "umhlathi webhodlela," ukuvuvukala ngaphansi komhlathi okubangelwa yiprotheni ephansi yegazi. Lesi isibonakaliso esibalulekile esivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezibungu ezimunca igazi ku-abomasum noma ukutheleleka okubi kakhulu osekunesikhathi eside.
4. Ukuhlolwa okulula ngokomzimba kwemfuyo (kusukela ekhanda kuya ozwaneni)
Ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba akudingeki kube nzima. Abalimi bangenza ukuhlolwa njalo kusukela ekhanda kuya emsila, ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezibonisa izimpawu.
a) Ukuhlolwa kwamehlo nezinsini
– Hlola umbala we-conjunctiva nezinsini. Uma zibonakala ziphaphathekile, lokhu kungabonisa i-anemia ebangelwa yizinambuzane.
– Ezimbuzini nasezimvini, indlela ye-FAMACHA ivame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlola i-anemia (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezikelemu ze-Haemonchus). Isilinganiso se-FAMACHA sisiza ekunqumeni ukuthi izilwane zidinga yini ukukhishwa kwezikelemu, yize ukuqeqeshwa okufushane kuvame ukudingeka ukuze kuhlolwe ngokunembile.
b) Ukuhlolwa kwesikhumba noboya
– Hlola ukuthi azikho yini izingqweqwe, izilonda, inkwethu ejiyile, ukuqothuka kwezinwele, noma izindawo ezinempandla.
– Zizwe isikhumba: uma sizwakala sijiyile, sishisa, noma kukhona amaqhubu amancane, kungenzeka ukuthi sihlobene nezibungu noma ukusabela kokulunywa yizinambuzane.
c) Ukuhlolwa kwezindawo zendlebe, intamo, imbobo kanye nomsila
Amakhizane avame ukucasha ezindaweni ezigoqekile nasezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo, njengalezi:
– Endlebeni
– Ngaphansi komsila
- I-Crotch
– Ukugoqa intamo nomhlathi ongezansi
Sebenzisa ithoshi uma kudingeka. Uma uthola inani elikhulu lamakhizane, kuyisibonakaliso esinamandla sokutheleleka yi-ectoparasite kanye nengozi yezifo ezihambisana nayo.
5. Ukutholwa ngokuhlolwa kwelebhu (ukuqinisekiswa okunembile kakhulu)
Nakuba ukuqaphela izimpawu kuwusizo, ukuxilongwa okunembile kakhulu ngokuvamile kudinga ukuhlolwa kwesampula.
a) Ukuhlolwa kwendle (ukuhlolwa kweqanda lezibungu)
Indlela evame kakhulu ukubalwa kwamaqanda endle. Lokhu kuhlola kulinganisa inani lamaqanda ngegremu ngayinye yendle, okuvumela udokotela wezilwane wakho ukuthi ahlole ubukhulu bokutheleleka futhi anqume isidingo sokwelashwa.
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko:
– Kusiza ukuhlukanisa ukuthi inkinga yokuncipha/uhudo ibangelwa yizibungu ngempela.
– Kusiza ekuqapheni ukusebenza kahle kwemithi yokubulala izikelemu (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isasebenza noma ikhona yini i-resistance)
b) Ukuhlolwa kwegazi
Uma kusolwa ukuthi kunezinambuzane egazini noma i-anemia enzima, ukuhlolwa kwegazi kungabonisa:
– Ukwehla kwamaseli abomvu egazi (i-anemia)
- Izimpawu zokuvuvukala
- Isibonakaliso sezifo ezithile ezibangelwa yizinambuzane ngokuya ngezivivinyo ezenziwe
c) Ukuhlolwa kokuklwebheka kwesikhumba
Uma kwenzeka ukhwekhwe noma izibungu, udokotela wezilwane angase athathe ukuklwebheka kwesikhumba abese ekuhlola ngaphansi kwe-microscope ukuthola izibungu noma amaqanda.
Uma abalimi bekwazi ukufinyelela izinsizakalo zempilo yezilwane, lokhu kuhlolwa kwelabhorethri kunconywa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emapulazini amakhulu aphakathi nendawo.
6. Izici eziyingozi ezisiza ukubikezela ukutheleleka kwezinambuzane
Ngaphezu kokubuka izimpawu, abafuyi kudingeka bahlole nezimo zekheji kanye nokuphathwa okusengozini enkulu yokubangela izimuncagazi, isibonelo:
– Ikheji limanzi, lingcolile, alihlanzwa njalo
– Ubuningi bemfuyo
– Uhlelo lokudla olungeyona eyokujikeleza (amadlelo asetshenziswa njalo)
– Akukho hlelo lokukhipha izikelemu oluhleliwe
– Imfuyo emisha ingena ngaphandle kokuvalelwa
– Isizini yemvula (ngokuvamile yandisa inani lezinambuzane eziphila ezilwa nezinambuzane)
Uma lezi zici eziyingozi zikhona, ukutholakala kufanele kube kaningi ngoba amathuba okutheleleka aphezulu.
7. Kufanele ushayele nini udokotela wezilwane ngokushesha?
Abalimi kufanele bafune usizo ngokushesha kubasebenzi bezempilo yezilwane uma kuvela izimo ezilandelayo:
– Uhudo olubi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emfuyweni encane
– Imfuyo ibuthakathaka kakhulu, ayifuni ukudla, noma iphelelwe amanzi emzimbeni
– Ukufiphala okukhulu kwamehlo/izinsini
- Ukwehlisa isisindo ngokushesha okukhulu
– Imfuyo eminingi iyagula ngesikhathi esisodwa
– Kutholakala inani elikhulu lamakhizane/izintwala noma kunezimpawu zokwanda kokhwekhwe
Ukwelashwa okusheshayo kungasindisa imfuyo futhi kuvimbele ukusabalala kwayo yonke indawo.
8. Isiphetho: ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kubalulekile
Ukuthola izimuncagazi emfuyweni kudinga inhlanganisela yokubuka okuvamile, ukuhlolwa okulula ngokomzimba, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwelabhorethri, uma kungenzeka. Uma izimuncagazi zitholakala ngokushesha, ukwelashwa kuzoba ngcono futhi kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho. Abalimi abaqapha ngenkuthalo izimo zemfuyo futhi bagcine izibaya zihlanzekile ngokuvamile baphumelela kakhulu ekucindezeleni amacala ezimuncagazi kunalabo abenza kuphela uma imfuyo isivele igula kakhulu.
Ngokusungula inqubo yansuku zonke yokuhlola, ukuqaphela izinguquko ekusebenzeni, ukuhlola indle kanye nezimo zesikhumba, kanye nokusebenza nodokotela wezilwane ukuze kuhlolwe amasampula, abalimi bangagcina izilwane zabo ziphilile, zikhiqiza, futhi zingamelani nokutheleleka yizinambuzane.
