Amasu Okuphatha Izinambuzane Ahlanganisiwe
Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane kungenye yezinselelo ezinkulu ekulimeni izitshalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusemakhaya, epulazini elincane, noma esikalini sokutshala izitshalo zebhizinisi. Ukuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane kunganciphisa isivuno sezitshalo, kulimaze ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, futhi kwandise izindleko zokukhiqiza. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali zivame ukuba yisinqumo esiyinhloko ngenxa yemiphumela yazo esheshayo nebonakalayo. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kungabangela ukumelana nezinambuzane, kubulale izitha zemvelo, kungcolise imvelo, futhi kubeke izingozi empilweni yabantu. Ngakho-ke, amasu Okuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Okuhlanganisiwe (IPM) avele njengendlela elinganiselayo neqhubekayo.
Ukuqonda kanye Nezimiso Eziyisisekelo ze-IPM
Ukuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Okuhlanganisiwe (i-IPM) kuyindlela yokuphathwa kwezinambuzane ehlanganisa ngokuzwana izindlela ezahlukene zokulawula ukucindezela inani lezinambuzane ngaphansi kwemingcele eyingozi kwezomnotho. I-IPM ayihlose ukuqeda izinambuzane, kodwa kunalokho ukugcina ibhalansi yezemvelo ukuze kulondolozwe umkhiqizo wezitshalo ngomonakalo omncane.
Izimiso ze-IPM ngokuvamile zifaka: (1) ukutshalwa kwezitshalo ezinempilo, (2) ukulondolozwa kwezitha zemvelo, (3) ukuqapha njalo izinhlelo zemvelo zezolimo, kanye (4) abalimi njengochwepheshe be-IPM, okusho ukuthi abalimi bayaqonda izimo zomhlaba, bayaqaphela izinambuzane nezitha zabo zemvelo, futhi bayakwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezifanele.
Kungani i-PHT ibalulekile?
Kunezizathu eziningana ezenza i-IPM ibe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Okokuqala, izinambuzane eziningi ziye zathola ukumelana nezithako ezithile ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe. Okwesibili, izibulala-zinambuzane ezibanzi zingabulala izinambuzane ezizuzisayo njengezinambuzane ezidla ezinye kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye, okuholela ekubuyeni kwenqwaba yezinambuzane. Okwesithathu, izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane zingangcolisa inhlabathi, amanzi, kanye nemikhiqizo yezolimo, kuthinte impilo yabathengi kanye nabasebenzi. Okwesine, i-IPM inganciphisa izindleko zesikhathi eside ngokunciphisa ukuthembela ezintweni ezifakwa ngamakhemikhali.
Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zobuchwepheshe Bokuphatha Izinambuzane Obuhlanganisiwe
I-IPM akuyona indlela eyodwa, kodwa inhlanganisela yamasu amaningana akhethwe ngokwezinhlobo zezitshalo, izinambuzane eziqondiwe, izimo zemvelo, kanye namakhono abalimi. Okulandelayo yizingxenye zayo eziyinhloko.
1. Ukulawulwa Kwamasiko
Ukulawula ukulima kugcizelela ukulungisa izindlela zokutshala ukuze kudalwe indawo engavumeli izinambuzane kakhulu. Le ndlela ayibizi kakhulu futhi ingasetshenziswa kusukela ekuqaleni.
Izibonelo ezivamile zifaka:
– Ukushintshanisa izitshalo ukuze kuqedwe umjikelezo wokuphila kwezinambuzane ezithile ohlotsheni olulodwa lwesitshalo.
– Hlela izikhathi zokutshala ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze izinambuzane zingatholi “ukudla” okuqhubekayo phakathi nesizini.
– Ukuhlanzeka komhlaba, njengokususa izinsalela zezitshalo ezinesifo, ukhula, noma izithelo ezibolile ezingaba yindawo yokuzalela izinambuzane.
– Ukutshala ibanga kanye nokuthena ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukujikeleza komoya ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe umswakama othandwa yizinambuzane nezifo ezithile.
– Umanyolo olinganiselayo, ngoba izitshalo ezivundile kakhulu ngenxa ye-nitrogen eningi zivame ukuthinteka kakhulu ukuhlaselwa yizinambuzane ezimuncayo.
2. Ukulawulwa Kwemishini Nokwenyama
Izindlela zemishini nezomzimba zenziwa ngesenzo esiqondile sokunciphisa izinambuzane noma ukuzivimbela ukuthi zingafinyeleli ezitshalweni.
Ezinye izibonelo:
– Ukususwa kwamaqanda, izibungu, noma izinambuzane ezindala ngezandla ezitshalweni ezincane, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kokuhlasela.
– Izicupho ezifana nezicupho ezikhanyayo, izicupho ze-pheromone, noma izicupho zeglue eziphuzi zezinambuzane ezindizayo.
– Ukusetshenziswa kwamanethi/amanethi ezinambuzane ukuvimbela izinambuzane ezithile ukuthi zingangeni endaweni yokulima.
– I-mulch yepulasitiki engavimbela ukhula futhi iphazamise umjikelezo wezinambuzane eziningana zomhlabathi.
– Ukukhukhula noma ukulima inhlabathi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ukuze kuphazamise izigaba zezinambuzane enhlabathini.
3. Ukulawulwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kusebenzisa izitha zemvelo zezinambuzane, okuhlanganisa izilwane ezidla ezinye, ama-parasitoid, kanye namagciwane (ama-microorganisms). Lokhu kuyingxenye ebalulekile ye-IPM ngoba kusiza ekuqiniseni izinambuzane ngokwemvelo.
Izibonelo zezitha zemvelo:
– Izilwane ezidla ezinye: izimbungulu, izicabucabu, ojekamanzi, kanye nezimbungulu zomhlabathi ezidla izinambuzane.
– Ama-parasitoid: njenge-Trichogramma ehlasela amaqanda ezinambuzane ezithile.
– Amagciwane ezinambuzane: isibonelo isikhunta esibangela izifo iBeauveria bassiana kanye neMetarhizium anisopliae.
Ukuze ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kuphumelele, abalimi kudingeka banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibulala izitha zemvelo, bahlinzeke ngezindawo zokuhlala ezisekelayo (isib. izitshalo ze-refugia), futhi balondoloze ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlelo zezolimo.
4. Ukulawulwa Kwezakhi Zofuzo: Izinhlobo Ezimelana Nezifo
Ukutshala izinhlobo ezimelana nezinambuzane noma izifo kunganciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka kusukela ekuqaleni. Izinhlobo ezimelana nezinambuzane aziqinisekisi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuzivikela okuphelele, kodwa zingavimbela ukukhula kwezinambuzane futhi zinciphise umonakalo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezimelana nezinambuzane kumele kuhlanganiswe namanye amasu, njengoba izinambuzane zingazivumelanisa nezimo uma uhlobo olufanayo lutshalwa njalo ngaphandle kokuphathwa.
5. Ukulawulwa Kwamakhemikhali Okuhlakaniphile
Ku-IPM, izibulala-zinambuzane zingasetshenziswa, kodwa kuphela njengesixazululo sokugcina lapho ezinye izindlela zinganele ukucindezela inani lezinambuzane. Ukusetshenziswa kufanele kusekelwe emkhawulweni wokulawula, okuyizinga lenani lezinambuzane noma ubukhulu bomonakalo obulimaza ngokwezomnotho.
Izimiso zokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ku-IPM zifaka:
– Khetha izibulala-zinambuzane ezikhethiwe ezinobungozi obuphansi ezitheni zemvelo.
– Sebenzisa umthamo ofanele kanye nesikhathi sokufaka ngokuya ngelebula.
– Ukujikeleza kwezithako ezisebenzayo ukuvimbela ukumelana.
– Beka phambili ukuphepha emsebenzini (PPE) futhi uhambisane nezikhawu zokuvuna (PHI) ukuze izinsalela ziphephe.
Ukuqapha Nokwenza Izinqumo
Isihluthulelo se-IPM ukuqapha. Ngaphandle kokuqapha njalo, abalimi bavame ukufutha ngokusekelwe kumkhuba, hhayi isidingo. Ukuqapha kuhilela ukubheka izitshalo njalo, ukubala izinambuzane nezitha zemvelo, ukuqaphela izimpawu zomonakalo, kanye nokuqapha izimo zezulu ezingase zibangele ukuqubuka kwezinambuzane.
Idatha yokuqapha iqhathaniswa nomkhawulo wokulawula. Uma inani lezinambuzane lisaphansi futhi izitha zemvelo ziningi, izinyathelo zokulawula zamasiko noma zemishini zanele. Uma inani labantu lisondela noma lidlula umkhawulo, kukhethwa inhlanganisela yezinye izindlela, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane okungenzeka kube okuqondiwe.
Izibonelo Zokusetshenziswa kwe-PHT Ensimini
Isibonelo, ekulimeni imifino efana nopelepele noma utamatisi, abalimi bangasebenzisa i-IPM ngokwenza lokhu okulandelayo: ukuqhuba ukuhlanzeka kwengadi kanye nokujikeleza kwezitshalo, ukubeka izicupho eziphuzi ze-thrips kanye nezimpukane ezimhlophe, ukutshala ama-refugia ukuze kudonswe izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane, ukusebenzisa izinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-Beauveria, kanye nokufutha izibulala-zinambuzane ezikhethiwe kuphela lapho ukutheleleka kudlula umkhawulo. Elayisini, ukusebenzisa ukutshala okuhambisanayo, ukugcina ukuba khona kwezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane zemvelo, kanye nokuqapha njalo izintethe zezitshalo kuvame ukubonakala kusebenza kahle ekunciphiseni ukuncika ezibulala-zinambuzane.
I-Penutup
Ukuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Okuhlanganisiwe (i-IPM) kuyindlela elinganisela umkhiqizo wezolimo nokusimama kwemvelo. Ngokuhlanganisa ukulawulwa kwamasiko, okwenziwa ngomshini, kanye nokwezinto eziphilayo, izinhlobo ezimelana nokhula, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha kwezibulala-zinambuzane, i-IPM isiza ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa yizinambuzane ngenkathi igcina impilo yezindawo zemvelo zezolimo. Impumelelo ye-IPM incike kakhulu ekhonweni labalimi lokuqapha amasimu abo, ukuhlonza izinambuzane nezitha zabo zemvelo, nokwenza izinqumo ngokusekelwe kudatha yasensimini. Ngokusetshenziswa njalo, i-IPM ayisona nje isisombululo sobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi iyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuthola ezolimo ezisimeme neziphephile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
