Ukulawulwa Kwezinambuzane Ezitshalweni Zelayisi
Ilayisi liyimpahla yokudla eyinhloko e-Indonesia. Isidingo esikhulu serayisi senza ukulinywa kwelayisi okuphumelelayo kubaluleke kakhulu, kokubili kubalimi kanye nasekuphepheni kokudla kuzwelonke. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa kwelayisi kuvame ukubhekana nezinselele ngendlela yokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane, okunganciphisa kakhulu isivuno futhi kubangele nokwehluleka kwezitshalo uma kungaphathwa kahle. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ezitshalweni zerayisi kudinga ukuphathwa okusebenzayo, okusebenzayo, nokusimeme, ngenkathi kugcinwa ibhalansi yesimiso semvelo.
Ukuqonda umqondo wezinambuzane kanye nemiphumela yazo
Izinambuzane yizinto eziphilayo ezinobungozi ezitshalweni ezitshaliwe. Elayisini, izinambuzane zingahlasela ezigabeni ezahlukene zokukhula, kusukela esigabeni sokukhula kwezithombo kuze kube sesigabeni sokukhula, kuya esigabeni sokuzala. Umthelela wokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane awuhlanganisi nje kuphela ukwehla kokuhluma kanye nokulimala kwesiqu namaqabunga, kodwa futhi nokwehluleka ukwakha ama-panicles, okusanhlamvu okungenalutho, kanye nokwehla kwekhwalithi yokusanhlamvu. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kunganda uma abalimi bebona izimpawu sekwephuzile noma besebenzisa izindlela zokulawula ezingalungile, njengokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezibulala-zinambuzane, okungabangela ukumelana nokuqubuka kwezinambuzane.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezinambuzane ezitshalweni zelayisi
Ezinye izinambuzane ezivame ukutholakala emasimini elayisi zifaka:
1. I-planthopper ensundu (i-Nilaparvata lugens)
Izintethe ezinsundu zingenye yezinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu ngoba zimunca ujusi wesitshalo futhi zingabangela "ukusha kwe-hopper," umphumela wokomisa obangela izitshalo ukuthi zome sengathi zishisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zisebenza njengezinto ezithwala izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, njenge-grassy stunt kanye ne-hollow stunt. Ukutheleleka kuvame ukwanda phakathi nezinkathi ezithile, ikakhulukazi lapho kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezisengozini futhi umanyolo we-nitrogen uphezulu kakhulu.
2. I-rice stem borer (Scirpophaga spp.)
Lesi sinambuzane sihlasela ngokubhoboza imigodi eziqwini. Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokukhula kwezitshalo, uphawu lwaziwa ngokuthi "sundep" (amahlumela afile). Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokukhiqiza, kuvela uphawu "beluk" (ama-panicle amhlophe, angenalutho). Umonakalo obangelwa yizimbobo unganciphisa ngqo umkhiqizo ngoba ama-panicle aba yize.
3. Igundane lasensimini (i-Rattus argentiventer)
Amagundane ayinkathazo enkulu ngoba alimaza izitshalo ngokusika iziqu nokudla okusanhlamvu kwelayisi. Ukutheleleka kungavela kusukela embhedeni wembewu kuze kube ngaphambi nje kokuvuna. Inani lamagundane livame ukwanda ezindaweni ezingenazo indle nezindawo eziningi zokucasha, njengezindawo ezikhule kakhulu noma izihlahla ezizungeze amasimu elayisi.
4. Walang sangit (Leptocorisa acuta)
Ama-plant hopper ansundu ahlasela ngesikhathi sokugcwalisa okusanhlamvu ngokumunca ujusi wezinhlamvu. Lokhu kuphumela kokusanhlamvu okungenalutho, ikhwalithi yelayisi enciphile, kanye nephunga elihlukile. Ukuhlasela kuvame ukwanda njengoba isivuno singena esigabeni sokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi ekutshalweni okungalingani.
5. Umnenke wegolide (iPomacea canaliculata)
Iminenke yegolide yama-apula ivame ukuba yizinambuzane eziyingozi ezigabeni zokuqala zokutshala, ikakhulukazi ekutshalweni kabusha nasekutshalweni kwembewu ngqo. Iminenke idla izithombo ezincane, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezitshalo kanye nesidingo sokutshalwa kabusha, okugcina kukhulisa izindleko zokukhiqiza.
Izimiso Zokuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Okuhlanganisiwe (i-IPM)
Indlela yokulawula izinambuzane enconyiwe njengamanje yi-Integrated Pest Management (IPM). I-IPM igcizelela ukuphathwa kwemvelo ngokuhlanganisa amasu ahlukahlukene okulawula anobungani nemvelo kanye nokunciphisa ukuthembela ezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali. Izimiso eziyinhloko ze-IPM zifaka:
– Ukutshala izitshalo ezinempilo ngembewu esezingeni eliphezulu, umanyolo olinganiselayo, kanye nokunisela okufanelekile.
– Ukulondolozwa kwezitha zemvelo njengezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane (izicabucabu, ojekamanzi) kanye nama-parasitoid angacindezela inqwaba yezinambuzane.
– Ukuqapha njalo ukuthola izinambuzane kusenesikhathi nokunquma imikhawulo yokulawula.
– Abalimi njengochwepheshe be-IPM, okungukuthi bakwazi ukuhlaziya izimo zomhlaba nokwenza izinqumo ezifanele.
Amasu okulawula izinambuzane elayisini
1. Ukulawula ngokusebenzisa isiko lobuchwepheshe
Lesi sinyathelo siyindlela yokuvimbela eyinhloko okulula ukuyisebenzisa, okuhlanganisa:
– Tshala ngesikhathi esisodwa endaweni eyodwa ukuze uqede umjikelezo wokuphila kwezinambuzane ezifana nezitshalo ezinsundu kanye nezitshalo ezinsundu.
– Ukutshalwa kahle kwenhlabathi ukuze kubhujiswe izigaba zamaqanda noma zama-larval ezinambuzane ezithile, kanye nokunciphisa izindawo zokuhlala zamagundane.
– Umanyolo olinganiselayo, ikakhulukazi ukugwema i-nitrogen eningi okwenza izitshalo “zikhethwe” kakhulu yizinkumbi ezinsundu kanye nezimbobo.
– Ukuhlanzeka komhlaba, ukuhlanza ukhula kanye nezinsalela zezitshalo ezisebenza njengezindawo zokucasha izinambuzane kanye nezinye izidalwa ezihlala kuzo.
2. Ukulawula ngomshini nangokomzimba
Le ndlela yenziwa ngamathuluzi noma isenzo esiqondile, isibonelo:
– Ukubulawa kwamagundane ngobuningi nokubeka izicupho.
– Ukusebenzisa izicupho ezikhanyayo ukuheha ama-stem borer moth.
– Ukuqoqa amaqanda e-golden apple snail, avame ukuba nombala opinki, avela eziqwini zelayisi noma ezimbotsheni.
– Ukufaka amanetha noma izithiyo ezindaweni zokungena kwamanzi ukuvimbela iminenke yegolide ukuthi ingangeni ezindaweni zokungena.
3. Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo
Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kusebenzisa ezinye izinto eziphilayo njengezitha zemvelo zezinambuzane. Isibonelo:
– Ukusetshenziswa kwama-parasitoid e-Trichogramma ukulawula amaqanda e-stem borer.
– Ukulondolozwa kwezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane zemvelo njengezicabucabu nezimbungulu ezidla izintethe ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibanzi.
– Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezifana nesikhunta esibangela izifo (isib. iBeauveria bassiana noma iMetarhizium anisopliae) ezingathelela izinambuzane eziyingozi.
4. Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali okuhlakaniphile
Izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali zingasetshenziswa, kodwa njengesixazululo sokugcina futhi kumele zilandele imithetho ye-IPM:
– Ngokusekelwe emkhawulweni wezomnotho, okungukuthi izinga lokuhlasela, ngokwezibalo, elinamandla okubangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kunezindleko zokulawula.
– Ukukhetha isibulala-zinambuzane esifanele, ngokuya ngohlobo lwesinambuzane kanye nesigaba saso sokuphila.
– Umthamo nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kunembile, kugwema ukufafaza okuphindaphindiwe ngaphandle kokuqapha ngoba kungabulala izitha zemvelo.
– Ukujikeleza kwezithako ezisebenzayo ukuvimbela ukumelana nezinambuzane, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni zezitshalo ezinsundu.
Ukuqapha nokwenza izinqumo
Isihluthulelo sokulawula izinambuzane zerayisi ngempumelelo ukuqapha njalo ensimini. Abalimi noma izisebenzi zasensimini kudingeka bahlole izitshalo ngezikhathi ezithile ezindaweni ezithile, babale inani lezinambuzane, futhi babone izimpawu zokuqala zomonakalo. Ngale datha, izinqumo zokulawula zingaba nembambe kakhulu. Uhlelo oluhle lokutshala ngaphandle kokuqapha luhlala luyingozi, njengoba ukuhlasela kwezinambuzane kungakhula ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezinhle.
I-Penutup
Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ezitshalweni zelayisi akufezwa nje ngokufafaza izibulala-zinambuzane. Indlela ephumelela kakhulu futhi eqhubekayo yi-Integrated Pest Management, ehlanganisa amasu okulima anempilo, ukulawula okwenziwa ngomshini kanye nokwezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha kwezibulala-zinambuzane uma kudingeka. Ngokusebenzisa isu elifanele, abalimi banganciphisa ukulahlekelwa yizinambuzane, balondoloze umkhiqizo welayisi, ngenkathi bevikela imvelo kanye nempilo yabantu. Ekugcineni, ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane okuphumelelayo kunegalelo elikhulu ekukhiqizweni kwelayisi okuzinzile kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla e-Indonesia.
