Ukulawulwa Kwezinambuzane Ezitshalweni Zommbila
Ummbila ungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zokudla nokondla e-Indonesia. Ukukhiqiza okuphezulu kommbila kunqunywa yizici eziningi, kusukela ekukhetheni izinhlobo, ukuvunda kwenhlabathi, ukutholakala kwamanzi, kanye nokuphathwa kokutshala. Phakathi kwezinselele ezahlukahlukene ensimini, ukuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane ngokuvamile kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokwehla kwesivuno futhi kungaholela nasekuhlulekeni kwesivuno uma kungaphathwa kahle. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ezitshalweni zommbila kudinga indlela ehleliwe, eqhubekayo, futhi enobungani nemvelo ngomqondo we-Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Kungani Izinambuzane Zommbila Zidinga Ukulawulwa?
Izinambuzane zihlasela ummbila cishe kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula: kusukela embewini esanda kutshalwa, kuya esigabeni sokukhula (amaqabunga neziqu), kuya esigabeni sokukhiqiza (izikhwebu nezimbewu). Ukuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane kunganciphisa ikhwalithi yezikhwebu, kuvimbele ukukhula, kubangele ukutheleleka kwezifo zesibili, futhi kubangele ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwesivuno. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane okungahlakaniphile kungakhuthaza ukumelana nezinambuzane, kubulale izitha zemvelo, kungcolise imvelo, futhi kwandise izindleko zokukhiqiza. Ngakho-ke, amasu okulawula kumele acabangele imvelo yomhlaba kanye nomkhawulo wokulawula (izinga lokutheleleka elibekezelelekayo ngokwezomnotho).
Izimiso Zokuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Okuhlanganisiwe (IPM) Emmbileni
I-IPM igcizelela inhlanganisela yezindlela zokulawula ezihambisanayo ukuze kugcinwe inani lezinambuzane lingaphansi komkhawulo wezomnotho. Izimiso zayo eziyisisekelo zifaka: (1) ukuvimbela ngemikhuba emihle yokulima, (2) ukuqapha njalo insimu, (3) ukulondolozwa kwezitha zemvelo, (4) ukusetshenziswa okukhethayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane njengendlela yokugcina, kanye (5) ukuhlolwa njalo kokusebenza kahle kwezinyathelo. Nge-IPM, abalimi bangacindezela ukuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane ngenkathi begcina ukusimama kwezinhlelo zezolimo.
Izinambuzane Ezinkulu Zezitshalo Zommbila Nezimpawu Zokuhlasela
1. Izikelemu zezempi (Spodoptera frugiperda kanye ne-Spodoptera litura)
Izibungu ze-Armyworm, ikakhulukazi i-fall armyworm (FAW), i-Spodoptera frugiperda, ziyingozi enkulu kummbila. Izimpawu ezivamile zifaka phakathi izimbobo ezingajwayelekile emaqabunga, amaconsi amabi, anjengempuphu ehlumela, kanye nomonakalo omkhulu endaweni yokukhula. Ukuhlasela ngesikhathi sezintsha kuyingozi kakhulu ngoba kungavimbela ukwakheka kwamaqabunga futhi kunciphise inani lezindlebe.
2. I-corn stalk borer (i-Ostrinia furnacalis)
Izibungu ze-borer zimba isiqu bese zidala imigudu. Izitshalo zibonakala zibunile, ukukhula kuyaphazamiseka, futhi ziyawa kalula. Ezifweni ezinkulu, izikhwebu zingase zingabi khona noma izinhlamvu zingagcwali ngokugcwele.
3. I-corn cob borer (Helicoverpa armigera)
Lesi sinambuzane sihlasela izimbali nezindlebe ezincane. Izimpawu zifaka phakathi amamaki emihume eziqongweni zezindlebe, izinhlamvu ezonakele, kanye nokuba khona kwendle yama-larval. Ukulimala kwezindlebe kunciphisa ikhwalithi futhi kuvumela isikhunta ukuthi singene, okuholela ekuboleni kwezindlebe.
4. Ama-Aphid (i-Aphis spp.)
Ama-aphid amunca ujusi wesitshalo futhi avame ukubangela amaqabunga agobile kanye nokukhula okuntengantengayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-aphid angasebenza njengezinambuzane ezithwala amagciwane. Inani elikhulu lazo livame ukwenzeka ngezikhathi zesomiso noma lapho izitshalo zibuthakathaka.
5. Izintethe kanye nezibungu zamaqabunga
Izinambuzane ezidla amaqabunga zingabangela ukuthi amaqabunga adabuke noma aguge emaphethelweni. Ukuhlasela kwezintethe kuvame ukwanda ezindaweni eziseduze nezihlahla noma izindawo zotshani.
6. Izimpukane zembewu kanye nezinambuzane zasemhlabathini (izibungu zomhlaba, ama-mole crickets)
Ezigabeni zokuqala, imbewu nezithombo zingahlaselwa yizinambuzane zasemhlabathini. Izimpawu zifaka phakathi ukukhula kwezitshalo okungalingani, ukuwohloka, noma ukufa kwezitshalo ngokuzumayo. Ukuhlaselwa phakathi nalesi sigaba kungaholela ekunciphiseni inani lezitshalo, okuholela ekuvuneni okuphansi.
Amasu Okuvimbela Nokulawula Ukulima
Ukuvimbela kuyindlela engabizi kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo. Eminye imikhuba yokulima enconywayo ihlanganisa:
– Sebenzisa imbewu esezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezinhlobo ezibekezelela izinambuzane ezithile, uma zikhona. Imbewu enempilo ikhula ngokushesha futhi ilulame kangcono ekuhlaselweni okuncane.
– Tshala izitshalo ngasikhathi sinye endaweni eyodwa ukuze uqede umjikelezo wezinambuzane. Ukutshala ngendlela engahambisani kuvumela izinambuzane ukuthi zithole izitshalo njalo esigabeni sazo esithandwayo.
– Ukutshala inhlabathi kahle kusiza ekunciphiseni inani lezinambuzane enhlabathini futhi kubulala ama-pupae noma amaqanda ezinsaleleni zezitshalo.
– Umanyolo olinganiselayo (i-N, i-P, i-K, kanye nezakhamzimba ezincane) kubalulekile ukwandisa ukumelana nezitshalo. I-nitrogen eningi ivame ukuvusa ukuqubuka kwezinambuzane eziningana ezimuncayo.
– Ukuhlanzeka komhlaba ngokususa ukhula kanye nezinsalela zezitshalo ezisebenza njengendawo yokukhosela noma imithombo yokudla yezinambuzane.
– Ukushintshanisa izitshalo ngezinto ezingezona ezabasingathi (isib. imidumba ethile noma izilimo eziyizigaxa) kungavimbela izinambuzane ezihlala ensimini.
Ukulawulwa Kwemishini Nokwenyama
Izindlela zemishini zifanele ukusetshenziswa kwezinga elincane kuya kweliphakathi, ikakhulukazi uma zenziwa kusukela ekuqaleni kokuhlasela:
– Ukubuka njalo (ukuhlola) okungenani kanye noma kabili ngesonto. Hlola amahlumela, izinhlangothi ezingaphansi zamaqabunga, kanye nezikhwebu.
– Bhubhisa amaqanda noma izibungu ezitholakala emaqabungeni amancane, ikakhulukazi izikelemu. Amaqanda avame ukutholakala ngamaqoqo futhi ambozwe uboya obuhle.
– Izicupho ze-Pheromone zokuqapha izibungu zama-moth noma izikelemu. Ngaphezu kokuqapha, izicupho zingasiza ekunciphiseni inani labesilisa.
– Ukusebenzisa izicupho zokukhanya kungadonsela izinambuzane ezithile zasebusuku, yize kudingeka zilawulwe ukuze zingaphazamisi izinambuzane eziwusizo.
Ukulawulwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo: Ukulawula Izitha Zemvelo
Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kuhlose ukugcina ibhalansi yezemvelo. Izitha zemvelo zezinambuzane zommbila zifaka phakathi ama-parasitoid, izilwane ezidla ezinye, kanye namagciwane ezinambuzane. Izibonelo ezivamile zifaka:
– Ama-parasitoid eqanda/ama-larval njenge-Trichogramma spp., ahlasela amaqanda e-borer. Ukukhishwa kwama-parasitoid kungenziwa ngezigaba ngokwezincomo zendawo.
– Izilwane ezidla ezinye njengezinambuzane ezincelisayo, izicabucabu, nezintuthwane ezidla amaqanda nezibungu ezincane.
– Ama-biopesticides aqukethe ama-microbes asebenzayo, njenge-Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) yama-circuit, kanye ne-fungi e-entomopathogenic njenge-Beauveria bassiana noma i-Metarhizium anisopliae. Ukusetshenziswa kusebenza kakhulu lapho izibungu zisencane futhi izimo zomswakama zivuma.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izitha zemvelo ziyasinda, gwema ukusebenzisa ngokweqile izibulala-zinambuzane ezibanzi. Ukunikeza izihlahla zothango noma i-refugia (izitshalo ezithile eziqhakazayo emaphethelweni amasimu) kungasiza futhi ekuhlinzekeni ngokudla kwezinambuzane ezizuzisayo.
Ukulawulwa Kwamakhemikhali: Inketho Yokugcina Futhi Kumelwe Ifaneleke
Izibulala-zinambuzane zingasetshenziswa uma inani lezinambuzane selidlule umkhawulo wokulawula futhi ezinye izindlela zinganele. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kumele kube nokuhlakanipha:
1. Sebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ezibhalisiwe ezifanele izinambuzane eziqondiwe.
2. Naka umthamo, isikhathi sokufaka, kanye nezikhawu zokufafaza. Ukufafaza okuphindaphindiwe ngaphandle kokuqapha kusheshisa ukumelana.
3. Futha esigabeni esisengozini kakhulu sezinambuzane. Ama-caterpillar kulula ukuwalawula uma emancane.
4. Jikelezisa izithako ezisebenzayo ngezindlela ezahlukene zokusebenza ukuze uvimbele ukwakheka kokumelana ngokushesha.
5. Beka phambili izibulala-zinambuzane ezikhethiwe eziphephile ezitheni zemvelo.
6. Sebenzisa imishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu (i-PPE) bese ulandela imiyalelo yelebula ukuze uvikele impilo ye-applicator.
Ukubaluleka Kokuqapha Nokulawula Imingcele
Isihluthulelo sokulawula izinambuzane zommbila ngempumelelo ukuqapha okuhlelekile. Abalimi kudingeka babhale phansi izinhlobo zezinambuzane, ubukhali bokuhlasela, ubudala bezitshalo, kanye nezimo zezulu. Amarekhodi anembile avumela izinqumo zokulawula ezinembile kakhudlwana. Imingcele yokulawula ingahluka ngokwesifunda kanye nohlobo, kodwa isimiso sihlala sifana: thatha isinyathelo lapho ukulahlekelwa komnotho okulindelekile kudlula izindleko zokulawula.
I-Penutup
Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane ezitshalweni zommbila akuyona indlela efanelana nazo zonke, ikakhulukazi ukuthembela kuphela ezibulala-zinambuzane. Isu eliphumelelayo lihlanganisa ukutshalwa kokuvimbela, ukuqapha njalo, ukulondolozwa kwezitha zemvelo, kanye nokusetshenziswa okufanele kokulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye namakhemikhali. Ngokusebenzisa i-Integrated Pest Management, abalimi bangagcina umkhiqizo omkhulu wommbila, banciphise izindleko, futhi banciphise imiphumela emibi emvelweni. Ekugcineni, ukutshalwa kommbila okunempilo akugcini nje ngokuphumela ekuvunweni okungcono kodwa futhi kusekela ezolimo ezihlala isikhathi eside.
