Amasu Okubhoboza Ezimayini Zegolide Ezingaphansi Komhlaba
Ukumba igolide ngaphansi komhlaba kungukukhipha amaminerali ekujuleni okuthile ngaphansi komhlaba, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezindawo ezigciniwe zegolide ezitholakala emithanjeni emincane, emizimbeni yensimbi eqinile, noma izimo zejiyoloji ezenza ukumba imigodi evulekile kungabi yingozi. Ezinhlelweni zokumba ngaphansi komhlaba, ukumba kuyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yokukhiqiza, okunquma impumelelo yokuqhumisa, ukuzinza kokuvulwa kwemigodi, kanye nokukhiqiza kokususwa kwensimbi. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngamasu okumba avame ukusetshenziswa ekumba igolide ngaphansi komhlaba, imishini, izigaba zomsebenzi, izici zejiyoloji, kanye nezici zokuphepha nokusebenza kahle.
1. Indima Yokubhoboza Emjikelezweni Wokumba Ngaphansi Komhlaba
Ekumbiweni kwegolide ngaphansi komhlaba, ukumba kuhilelekile ezinhlosweni eziningana eziyinhloko: (1) ukumba kokukhiqiza ukudala imigodi yokuqhuma, (2) ukumba kokuthuthukiswa ukudala imigudu, ukukhukhuleka, ukusika okunqamulayo, kanye nokuphakamisa, (3) ukumba okusekelwe phansi kokufakwa kwama-bolts edwala, ama-bolts ekhebula, kanye ne-shotcrete, kanye (4) ukumba ukuhlola emayini ukuze kulandelelwe ukuqhubeka kwemithambo yegolide kanye nemingcele ye-ore. Ikhwalithi yokumba ithinta ngqo ukuqhekeka kwamadwala ngemva kokuqhumisa, ukuncibilika kwe-ore, izinga lokutakula, ukusetshenziswa kweziqhumane, kanye nesikhathi sokujikeleza komthwalo.
2. Izici Ze-Geological Ze-Gold Deposits Nemiphumela Yazo
Ama-deposit egolide angaphansi komhlaba avame ukuhlotshaniswa nemithambo ye-quartz, izindawo zokuphuka, izakhiwo zamaphutha, noma izinhlelo ze-hydrothermal. I-ore ingaba mncane futhi ingajwayelekile, idinga ukubhoboza ngokunemba ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqhumisa ekulimazeni udonga olulenga noma udonga lwezinyawo kanye nokuxubana nokungcola. Izimo zamatshe amakhulu, njengezihlanganisi, izindawo ezibuthakathaka, ukuguqulwa kobumba, kanye nezindawo zokungena kwamanzi, kuzonquma indlela yokubhoboza, ubude benduku yokubhoboza, ububanzi bembobo, kanye nesu lokulawula ukuphambuka kwembobo. Uma idwala libuthakathaka futhi liqhekeka kakhudlwana, kulapho ingozi yokuqhekeka iphakama khona, kudinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kwephethini yembobo kanye nokushaja okuqhumayo.
3. Izinhlobo Zobuchwepheshe Bokubhoboza Ezimayini Zegolide Ezingaphansi Komhlaba
a. Ukubhoboza Ngezigubhu (Isando Esiphezulu)
Indlela yesando ephezulu isebenzisa amandla okushaya avela ekhanda lokubhoboza, adluliselwa ngenduku yokubhoboza aye entweni yokubhoboza. Lolu hlelo luvame kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwemihubhe kanye nama-blasthole ajulile. Izinzuzo zalo zifaka phakathi ukuguquguquka ezindaweni eziqinile, izindleko eziphansi ngemitha, kanye nokulula kokulungiswa kwephethini yokubhoboza. Kodwa-ke, emigodini emide kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle kwehla ngenxa yokulahlekelwa amandla endongeni yokubhoboza kanye namathuba akhulayo okuphambuka.
b. Ukubhoboza Ngaphansi Kwemigodi (DTH)
Ku-DTH, isando sibekwe eduze kwe-drill bit, ngakho-ke amandla okushaya asebenza ngqo esicongweni somgodi. Le ndlela ifaneleka emigodini emikhulu, ejulile enekhwalithi yemigodi eqondile. I-DTH ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izitobhi ezithile noma ekudalweni kokuphakama kanye nezikhala. Inkinga yisidingo somoya ocindezelekile ophezulu kanye nemishini emikhulu, okwenza kungabi njalo indawo efanelekile yokuvuleka okunciphile.
c. Ukubhoboza Okujikelezayo
Ukubhoboza ngokujikeleza kuncike ekujikelezweni kwe-drill bit ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba, ukubhoboza ngokujikeleza kuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekubhobozeni ukuhlola (isb., ukubhoboza ngedayimane) ngoba kukhiqiza ama-cores adingekayo ekudwebeni kwe-geological, ukunqunywa kwebanga, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesisindo samatshe. Kuma-blasthole okukhiqiza, ukubhoboza ngokujikeleza okumsulwa akuvamile ukusetshenziswa njengokubhoboza nge-percussion noma i-DTH, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezithile zamatshe kanye nokuhlelwa kwamathuluzi okufanele.
d. Ukubhoboza Idayimane (Ukubhoboza Okuyinhloko)
Ukubhoboza idayimane kuyindlela yokubhoboza ekhiqiza amasampula angaphakathi kwedwala. Inzuzo yayo idatha yejiyoloji enemininingwane eminingi, okuhlanganisa isakhiwo, ukuguqulwa, kanye nokwakheka kwamaminerali. Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu ekuhleleni i-stope, ukulawula ibanga, kanye nokuqinisekisa imingcele ye-ore ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncishiswa. Izinselele zifaka phakathi izindleko eziphakeme, isivinini sokubhoboza esihamba kancane, kanye nesidingo sokuphathwa kahle kwamanzi ajikelezayo kanye nodaka lokubhoboza.
4. Imishini Eyinhloko Yokubhoboza Ngaphansi Komhlaba
Imishini yokubhoboza ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba ngokuvamile ihlanganisa ama-drill amakhulu (okuthuthukiswa), ama-rig okubhoboza imigodi emide (okuvimba ukukhiqizwa), kanye nama-rig akhethekile okubhoboza idwala. Ama-drill amakhulu ngokuvamile ane-boom eyodwa noma ezimbili futhi afakwe uhlelo lokulawula indawo ukuze aqonde kahle. Ama-rig emigodi emide asetshenziselwa imigodi emide ezindleleni zokumba njengokuma kwemigodi evulekile emide. Okwamanje, ama-bolter edwala anezindlela zokubhoboza nokufaka ama-bolter edwala.
Ezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi i-air compressor, uhlelo lwamanzi lokulawula uthuli kanye nokupholisa ama-bit, izinduku zokubhoboza kanye nama-coupling, kanye nama-drill bits, akhethwa ngokusekelwe ebulukhunini bedwala. Ukukhethwa kwama-bit (isb., ama-bits e-carbide button) kanye nokugcinwa kwawo kuthinta izinga lokungena, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nekhwalithi yemigodi.
5. Izigaba Zokubhoboza Zokuqhumisa Umhubhe (Ukuthuthukiswa)
Ekubhobozeni imisele, umgomo oyinhloko ukuhambisa imbobo iye kuphrofayili yomklamo. Izinyathelo ezijwayelekile zifaka:
1. Ukumaka nokuhlola: Amaphuzu emigodi aphawulwa ngokusekelwe kuphethini ehleliwe. Amaphutha okumaka angabangela ukuqhekeka ngokweqile noma ukuqhekeka ngaphansi.
2. I-set-up rig: I-Jumbo ibekwe kahle, i-boom angle iyalungiswa ukuze imbobo ibe sendaweni efanele.
3. Ukugoqa: Isigaba sokuqala sokwenza imbobo kumele senziwe ngokucophelela ukuze "singahambi" noma sishintshe.
4. Ukubhoboza: Ukubhoboza kwenziwa ngokuya ngokujula okuhleliwe, ngokulawulwa kwengcindezi, isivinini sokujikeleza, kanye nokuhlinzekwa komoya/amanzi.
5. Ukuhlanza umgodi: Izingcezu zokubhoboza ziyahlanzwa ukuze umgodi ulungele ukugcwaliswa ngeziqhumane.
6. Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi: Ukujula, isiqondiso, kanye nokuphambuka okungenzeka kuyahlolwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iphethini "izoqhuma" njengoba iklanyelwe.
Iphethini yokubhoboza imigudu ngokuvamile iqukethe imigodi esikiwe (ukudala isikhala), imigodi yokuma, imigodi yokuphakamisa, kanye nemigodi ezungezayo. Izindlela zokulawula umjikelezo ezifana nokuqhumisa okubushelelezi noma ukuqhekeka kwangaphambili zingasetshenziswa ukunciphisa umonakalo odongeni lwemigudu.
6. Amasu Okubhoboza Ukukhiqiza: Ukuma Kwemigodi Emide
Ezimayini zegolide ezingaphansi komhlaba zanamuhla, ukumiswa kwemigodi emide kuyathandwa ngenxa yokukhiqiza kwayo okuphezulu kanye nokufaneleka kwezindawo zensimbi ezinekhono. Kule ndlela, imbobo ende yokubhoboza ibhobozwa kusukela ezingeni lokukhiqiza iye esitobhini, kungaba ngokubhoboza ngefeni noma ngokubhoboza ngasikhathi sinye. Inselele enkulu ukugcina ukunemba ukuvimbela ukuphambuka okungabangela ukuthi isitobhi sinwebe, sandise ukuncibilika, noma sibangele ngisho nokuthuthuka okungahleliwe kwezinye izindawo.
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yokubhoboza imigodi emide kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kokuzulazula kwemishini, ukuhlola ukuphambuka ngamathuluzi okulinganisa (isb., amathuluzi okuhlola imigodi emigodini), nokukhetha ububanzi bemigodi efanele kanye nesikhala somthwalo. Ngezinhlobo zamatshe ahlukahlukene, ukwakheka kwephethini kungalungiswa ukuze kugcinwe ukuqhekeka futhi kugwenywe amatshe amakhulu okunzima ukuwalayisha.
7. Ukubhoboza Ukusekela Nokuzinza
Ukuqina kwezikhala ezingaphansi komhlaba kubalulekile ngenxa yengozi yokuwa kwamatshe angaba yingozi. Ukubhoboza ama-bolt amatshe noma ama-bolt ekhebula ngokuvamile kunezincazelo ezahlukene: ububanzi bembobo buhambisana ne-bolt, ukujula kukhethwa ngokusekelwe ezindaweni zamatshe ezibuthakathaka, futhi ukuma kuklanyelwe "ukukhiya" ibhlogo lamatshe. Uma imbobo isibhoboziwe, i-bolt ifakwa nge-resin noma i-grout. Ezimayini zegolide ezinedwala elishintshiwe, ikhwalithi ye-grout kanye nokuhlanzeka kwembobo kubalulekile ekusekeleni okuphumelelayo.
8. Ukuphepha Emsebenzini Ekubhobheni Ngaphansi Komhlaba
Ukubhoboza ngaphansi komhlaba kuthwala izingozi: ukuchayeka othulini lwe-silica, umsindo, ukudlidliza, intuthu yokukhipha umoya evela emishinini yedizili, kanye nokuwa kwamatshe okungenzeka. Imikhuba eyinhloko yokuphepha ihlanganisa ukungenisa umoya okwanele, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ukulawula uthuli, ukuhlolwa kwendawo yokusebenza ngaphambi kokusetha i-rig, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-PPE njengemishini yokuphefumula, ukuvikelwa kwezindlebe, kanye nokuvikelwa kwamehlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiya/ukuphuma ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwemishini, ukuhlolwa kokucindezela komoya kanye nepayipi, kanye nezinqubo zokuxhumana ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwendawo evalekile kuyimpoqo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile “isiyalo sokubhoboza”: umqhubi kumele alandele imingcele yokubhoboza, angaphoqi ithuluzi ukuba liqine noma licindezeleke ngendlela engafanele, njengoba lokhu kungabangela ukwehluleka kwemishini kanye nezingozi.
9. Ukwenza ngcono: Ukunemba, Izindleko, kanye Nokukhiqiza
Ukuthuthukisa ukubhoboza ngokuvamile kugxila ekwandiseni amazinga okungena, impilo ye-bit, ukunciphisa ukuphambuka, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuhambisana kwephrofayili yokuqhuma. Izindlela ezivamile zifaka phakathi ukuqeqeshwa komqhubi, ukulungiswa kokuvimbela, ukukhetha okufanele okudliwayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zedijithali ezifana nokubhoboza okuzenzakalelayo, ukuloga amapharamitha okubhoboza, kanye nokumapha kwemigodi okusekelwe ku-laser noma okusekelwe ku-inertial navigation. Ngedatha enembile, amaqembu okumba angakwazi ukulungisa imiklamo yamaphethini okubhoboza kanye namapharamitha okubhoboza ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncibilika futhi kwandiswe ukubuyiswa kwegolide.
10. Isiphetho
Amasu okubhoboza ezimayini zegolide ezingaphansi komhlaba awagcini nje ngokubhoboza imigodi; ayingxenye yesu lohlelo lokukhiqiza imayini iyonke. Ukukhetha indlela—i-hammer ephezulu, i-DTH, i-rotary, noma i-diamond drilling—kumele kucabangele i-geology, izinhloso zephrojekthi, indawo yokusebenza, kanye nezindinganiso zokuphepha. Ukubhoboza ngokunemba kuphumela ekuqhumeni okulawulwayo, ukuqhekeka okuhle, kanye nokuvuleka okuzinzile, okwenza imisebenzi iphephe futhi ibe nomnotho. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bemishini kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha zedijithali zithuthuka, ukubhoboza igolide ngaphansi komhlaba kunikeza amathuba abalulekile okwandisa ukusebenza kahle ngenkathi kunciphisa ubungozi, uma nje ukuqeqeshwa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuphathwa kokuphepha kusetshenziswa njalo.
