Umthelela Wezimayini Ekhwalithini Yamanzi
Ukumba kungumkhakha wezomnotho obalulekile emazweni amaningi, okuhlanganisa ne-Indonesia. Ezindaweni eziningi, ukumba kungumgogodla obalulekile wezomnotho, ohlinzeka ngemisebenzi futhi okwandisa imali engenayo yesifunda neyesizwe. Kodwa-ke, imisebenzi yokumba ivame ukuba nemiphumela ebalulekile kwezemvelo, okuhlanganisa nekhwalithi yamanzi. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokuningiliziwe ngokuthi imisebenzi yokumba ithinta kanjani ikhwalithi yamanzi, okuhlanganisa nemiphumela nezixazululo.
Izinhlobo Zezimayini kanye Nomthelela Wazo Emanzini
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokumba, njengelahle, igolide, i-nickel, i-tin, nezinye, ngayinye enomthelela wayo emanzini. Isibonelo, ukumba amalahle kuvame ukubangela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ngenxa yokuphuma kwe-acid emayini, kuyilapho ukumba igolide, ngokusebenzisa i-mercury, kungadala amanzi angcoliswe yizinsimbi ezisindayo.
Ukugeleza Kwemayini E-asidi
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezivela ekumbeni amanzi aphuma emayini ane-acid (AMD). I-AMD yenzeka lapho amanzi nomoya-mpilo kuhlangana namatshe aqukethe amaminerali esibabule, njenge-pyrite, okukhiqiza i-sulfuric acid futhi kuncibilikise izinsimbi ezisindayo emadwaleni. Ukugeleza kwe-AMD kuvame ukungcolisa imifula, amachibi, kanye nomhlabathi, okubangela umonakalo ezindaweni zemvelo zasemanzini kanye nokulahlekelwa yizinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwamakhemikhali Ayingozi
Izimayini zegolide zisebenzisa i-mercury ne-cyanide ukuhlukanisa igolide ne-ore yalo. Zombili lezi zinto zinobuthi obukhulu futhi kunzima ukuziphula emvelweni. I-mercury engena emanzini ingalimaza isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko futhi ibangele izinkinga zempilo eziphuthumayo nezingapheli kubantu, kuyilapho i-cyanide ingaba yingozi ezintweni eziphilayo zasemanzini.
Ukwanda Kwezinsila
Imisebenzi yokumba ivame ukubandakanya ukususwa kwenhlabathi eningi namadwala. Lokhu kungabangela amazinga aphezulu enhlabathi emifuleni nasemanzini azungezile. Inhlabathi eningi inganciphisa ikhwalithi yamanzi ngokwandisa ukukhukhuleka, ukunciphisa amazinga e-oxygen encibilikisiwe, kanye nomthelela ezimpilweni zasemanzini.
Umthelela Wezimayini Ezindaweni Eziphilayo Zasemanzini
Umthelela wokumba emazingeni ekhwalithi yamanzi awugcini nje ngokulimaza impilo yabantu kodwa futhi ulimaza nezindawo zemvelo zasemanzini. Kunemithelela eminingana okufanele siyiqaphele:
Ukulahlekelwa Kokuhlukahluka Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Amanzi angcoliswe yi-acid mine drainage noma izinsimbi ezisindayo angaba yindawo yokuhlala enzima yezinto eziningi eziphilayo. Izinhlanzi, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, nezinye izilwane zasemanzini ngokuvamile azikwazi ukuphila emanzini angcolisiwe, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ukuphazamiseka Kochungechunge Lokudla
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kungaphazamisa nochungechunge lokudla ezindaweni zemvelo zasemanzini. Izinto eziphilayo ezincane njenge-plankton, ezisebenza njengokudla kwezinhlanzi nezinto eziphilayo ezinkulu, zingafa ngenxa yobuthi obuphezulu emanzini. Lokhu kuzothinta lonke uchungechunge lokudla futhi ekugcineni kuthinte abantu abadla izinhlanzi noma eminye imikhiqizo evela emanzini angcolile.
Ukubhujiswa Kwezindawo Zokuhlala
Ukugcwala ngokweqile kwenhlabathi okubangelwa ukumba kungamboza phansi kwemifula namachibi, kulimaze izindawo zokuhlala zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu kungathinta ukuzala kwazo, ukudla kwazo, kanye neminye imisebenzi ebalulekile.
Umthelela Empilweni Yabantu
Ikhwalithi yamanzi engeyinhle ebangelwa imisebenzi yezimayini nayo inomthelela oqondile empilweni yabantu. Amanzi angcoliswe yizinsimbi ezisindayo, njenge-mercury, i-arsenic, kanye ne-lead, angabangela izifo ezinkulu ezifana nomdlavuza, ukulimala kwezitho zomzimba, ukuphazamiseka kwezinzwa, kanye nokubambezeleka kokukhula ezinganeni.
Izifo Ezibangelwa Yizinsimbi Ezisindayo
Ukugxila okuphezulu kwezinsimbi ezisindayo emanzini kungabangela izifo ezingamahlalakhona kubantu. Isibonelo, i-mercury eqongelelwe emzimbeni womuntu ingabangela ukulimala kwemizwa kanye nobuthi. Ngokufanayo, i-arsenic eningi emanzini ingabangela umdlavuza wesikhumba, wamaphaphu kanye nowesinye.
Izifo ezithelelanayo
Ukungcola kwamanzi nakho kungaholela ekusabalaleni kwezifo ezithelelanayo. Amabhaktheriya nezinye izifo zinganda ngokushesha emanzini angcolile, zithelele abantu abazungezile abasebenzisa amanzi ukuphuza, ukugeza, kanye neminye imisebenzi yansuku zonke.
Ukubhekana Nomthelela Wezimayini Ekhwalithini Yamanzi
Ukubhekana nemiphumela yokumba ekhwalithini yamanzi kudinga indlela ephelele nephelele. Izinyathelo ezingathathwa zifaka phakathi izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obungavikeli imvelo, kanye nokuhlanganyela komphakathi.
Izinqubomgomo kanye neMithethonqubo
Uhulumeni udlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni nasekuqapheni imisebenzi yezimayini. Kudingeka imithetho eqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkampani zezimayini ziyahambisana nezindinganiso zemvelo ezimisiwe, zenze ukuhlolwa komthelela emvelweni ngaphambi kokuqala ukusebenza, futhi zifake ubuchwepheshe obunciphisa imiphumela emibi emanzini.
I-Eco-Friendly Technology
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obunobungani nemvelo emisebenzini yezimayini kuyisisombululo esisodwa sokunciphisa imiphumela emibi ekhwalithini yamanzi. Isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha amanzi angcolile ngaphambi kokuba akhishwe emvelweni bunganciphisa amazinga okungcola kanye nezinsimbi ezisindayo emanzini.
Ukubuyiselwa Nokubuyiselwa
Imisebenzi yokuvuselela izimayini ihlose ukubuyisela umhlabathi namanzi aphazamisekile ngenxa yemisebenzi yokumba. Le nqubo ihilela ukutshala kabusha izimila zendawo, ubunjiniyela bezindawo zokuhlala, kanye nokubuyisela ukugeleza kwamanzi. Ukubuyiselwa okufanele kungasiza ekubuyiseleni ukusebenza kwe-ecosystem kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yamanzi.
Imfundo Yomphakathi Nokuhlanganyela
Ukuzibandakanya komphakathi ngenkuthalo nakho kubalulekile ekugcineni nasekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yamanzi. Imiphakathi idinga ukufundiswa ngemiphumela yokumba emanzini futhi ikhuthazwe ukuba ihlanganyele emisebenzini eyahlukahlukene yokulondolozwa kwemvelo, njengezinhlelo zokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlanza imvelo.
Isiphetho
Ukumba kunegalelo elikhulu kwezomnotho, kodwa futhi kunemiphumela ebalulekile ekhwalithini yamanzi. Le miphumela ihlanganisa ukugeleza kwamanzi emayini ene-asidi, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi, kanye nokwanda kokusanhlamvu, okuthinta impilo yasemanzini kanye nempilo yabantu. Ukubhekana nale nkinga kudinga umzamo wokubambisana ovela kuhulumeni, imboni, kanye nomphakathi ukuze kuqaliswe izinqubomgomo eziqinile, kusetshenziswe ubuchwepheshe obunobungani nemvelo, kwenziwe ukulungiswa kabusha, kanye nokwandisa imfundo yomphakathi kanye nokuhlanganyela ekulondolozweni kwamanzi. Ngendlela ephelele, kunethemba lokuthi imiphumela emibi yokumba emayini ekhwalithini yamanzi ingancishiswa, ngaleyo ndlela kulondolozwe indawo enempilo neqhubekayo yezizukulwane ezizayo.
