Izindlela Zokumba Ezivulekile Nemiphumela Yazo
I-Pendahuluan
Ukumba kungumsebenzi omkhulu wezimboni onegalelo elikhulu emnothweni wamazwe amaningi emhlabeni jikelele, okuhlanganisa ne-Indonesia. Nakuba ukumba kunemiphumela emihle kwezomnotho, futhi kunemiphumela emibi eminingana, ikakhulukazi emvelweni. Ngokusekelwe endleleni izinto eziyigugu ezitholakala ngayo ngaphansi komhlaba, imisebenzi yokumba ingahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukumba ngaphansi komhlaba kanye nokumba emgodini ovulekile. Lesi sihloko sizogxila ekumba emgodini ovulekile kanye nemiphumela yako.
Incazelo kanye nezinhlobo ze-Open Mining
Ukumba ngaphezulu kuyindlela yokumba lapho izinto zikhishwa khona ebusweni boMhlaba ngokumba noma ukususa inhlabathi engaphezulu ukuze kuvezwe futhi kukhishwe amaminerali abalulekile. Ngokungafani nokumba ngaphansi komhlaba, okubandakanya ukwakha imigudu kanye nemigodi ukuze kufinyelelwe amadiphozithi, ukumba ngaphezulu ngokuvamile kulula futhi kungabizi kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa kodwa kudinga isikhala esikhulu.
Okulandelayo ezinye zezindlela eziyinhloko zokumba imigodi evulekile:
1. Ukumba Ngemigodi Evulekile: Le ndlela ihilela ukumba umgodi omkhulu emhlabathini, ofana nesitsha esikhulu, ukuze kufinyelelwe emigodini yamaminerali. Isibonelo, iMayini yaseGrasberg ePapua, e-Indonesia, ingenye yezimayini ezinkulu kakhulu zemigodi evulekile emhlabeni.
2. Ukumba Imicu: Le ndlela isusa ungqimba oluphezulu lwenhlabathi noma amatshe amboze amaminerali. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukumba amalahle kanye nezinye izinsimbi ezisabalele futhi ezingajulile kakhulu.
3. Ukumba: Kusetshenziswa ngqo ezintweni zokwakha zemayini njengemabula, i-limestone, ne-granite. Ukumba kuhilela ukusika nokuqhekeza idwala njalo.
4. Ukususwa Kwesiqongo Sentaba: Le ndlela ihilela ukususa isiqongo sentaba ukuze kufinyelelwe amadiphozithi amaminerali angaphakathi. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa e-United States ekumbeni amalahle.
Imiphumela Emihle Yokumba Okuvulekile
1. Umnotho: Ukumba imigodi evulekile kunegalelo elikhulu emnothweni wezwe. Imali engenayo evela enteleni yezimayini, amaroyalthi, kanye neminye iminikelo ingakhuphula imali engenayo yezwe.
2. Ukuqashwa: Imboni yezimayini ivame ukuba ngumqashi omkhulu ezindaweni zezimayini. Imisebenzi eqondile nengaqondile edalwa yizimayini inganciphisa kakhulu ukungasebenzi futhi ithuthukise inhlalakahle yemiphakathi ezungezile.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwengqalasizinda: Amaphrojekthi okumba avame ukuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda eyisisekelo njengemigwaqo, amabhuloho, nezinye izinsiza zokuhamba. Lokhu akuzuzisi nje kuphela umkhakha wezimayini kodwa nomphakathi jikelele.
Imiphumela Yezemvelo Nezenhlalo Yezimayini Ezivulekile
Kodwa-ke, ukumbiwa kwemigodi evulekile kuza nochungechunge lwemiphumela emibi ebalulekile, kokubili kwezemvelo kanye nezenhlalo.
1. Ukubhujiswa Kwezindawo Zokuhlala Nokwehlukahluka Kwezinto Eziphilayo: Omunye wemiphumela esobala nelimazayo kwezemvelo yokumba emigodini evulekile ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala. Izindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi, izindawo zezolimo, kanye nezinhlelo zamanzi zemvelo zivame ukunikelwa ukuze kuvulwe indlela yemisebenzi yokumba. Lokhu kulahlekelwa yindawo yokuhlala kuholela ekunciphiseni kwenani lezitshalo nezilwane zasendaweni futhi kubangele ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo.
2. Ukuwohloka Komhlaba Nokuguguleka: Ukumba kakhulu kanye nokuthuthwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kungabangela ukuwohloka okukhulu komhlaba. Inhlabathi egubungelwe ilahlekelwa yisakhiwo sayo esivundile, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukuvunda komhlabathi kanye nokwandisa ingozi yokuguguleka komhlabathi. Lokhu kungaholela ekunciphiseni umkhiqizo wezolimo ozungeze imayini.
3. Ukungcoliswa Kwamanzi: Ukumba imigodi evulekile nakho kuyingozi enkulu emithonjeni yamanzi. Izinto ezilahlwayo kanye nemisele evela ezimayini kungangcolisa imifula, amachibi, kanye nemithombo yamanzi ngezinsimbi ezinobuthi ezifana ne-mercury, i-arsenic, kanye ne-acid rock. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokulimaza imvelo yasemanzini kodwa futhi kusongela impilo yemiphakathi ethembele kule mithombo yamanzi. Ukwakheka kwe-asidi emanzini okubangelwa ukubola kwamaminerali e-sulfide kungalimaza imvelo yasemanzini ahlanzekile futhi kunciphise ikhwalithi yamanzi okuphuza.
4. Ukungcoliswa Komoya: Ukumba imigodi evulekile kukhiqiza uthuli kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi okuyingozi njenge-sulfur dioxide kanye ne-nitrogen oxides, okungangcolisa umoya. Lezi zinhlayiya namagesi kungabangela izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo kubasebenzi bezimayini kanye nemiphakathi ezungezile, okuhlanganisa izifo zokuphefumula nezenhliziyo.
5. Ingxabano Yezenhlalo Nezomnotho: Ukumba imigodi evulekile kuvame ukubangela ingxabano phakathi kwezinkampani zezimayini nemiphakathi ezungezile. Ukuxoshwa kwabantu, isinxephezelo esinganele, kanye nekhwalithi yempilo ephansi kuyizimbangela ezinkulu zokungezwani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwezinzuzo zezomnotho ezivela ekumba imigodi kungabhebhethekisa ubumpofu nokungalingani emiphakathini ezungeze imayini.
Imizamo Yokunciphisa Nokulawula
Ngenxa yale miphumela emibi, amaqembu ahlukahlukene akhuthaze kakhulu imithetho eqinile kanye nemikhuba yokumba eqhubekayo. Emazweni amaningana, okuhlanganisa ne-Indonesia, imithethonqubo yezemvelo emkhakheni wezimayini iye yaqiniswa kakhulu ngenhloso yokunciphisa imiphumela emibi yemisebenzi yokumba evulekile.
Eminye imizamo yokunciphisa engenziwa ihlanganisa:
1. Ukubuyiselwa Komhlaba: Ngemva kokuba imisebenzi yokumba isiqediwe, indawo kumele ibuyiselwe esimweni sayo, noma ibuyiselwe esimweni sayo esiseduze nesimo sayo sokuqala. Lokhu kubuyiselwa komhlaba kuhilela ukutshalwa kabusha kwezitshalo zendawo, ukuthuthukisa isakhiwo senhlabathi, nokubuyisela imigudu yamanzi.
2. Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi Angcolile: Ukuphathwa kwamanzi angcolile kanye nemisele ngendlela efanele kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukungcoliswa kwamanzi. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokusungula izinhlelo zokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokuthuthukisa izindlela zokunciphisa amanzi angcolile ezimayini ezine-acid.
3. Ukulawula Uthuli Nokukhishwa Kwegesi: Ukufaka imishini yokulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi, ukunisela imigwaqo yezimayini ukuze kuncishiswe uthuli, nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukungcola komoya.
4. Ukubamba iqhaza Komphakathi: Imiphakathi yasendaweni kumele ibandakanyeke ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo ezihlobene nemisebenzi yezimayini ezindaweni zayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukucaca kolwazi, ukubonisana nomphakathi, kanye nokunxeshezelwa okufanele kwalabo abathintekile.
Isiphetho
Ukumba izimayini emigodini evulekile kunegalelo elikhulu emnothweni ngokubaluleka komnotho kanye nokudalwa kwemisebenzi. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela inemiphumela emibi kakhulu emvelweni nasemiphakathini ezungeze imayini. Ngakho-ke, imithetho eqinile, imikhuba yokumba eqhubekayo, kanye nokuphathwa okunesibopho kubalulekile ukunciphisa le miphumela emibi. Ukubambisana phakathi kukahulumeni, izinkampani zokumba izimayini, kanye nemiphakathi kubalulekile ekufezeni imikhuba yokumba eqhubekayo nelinganayo kubo bonke abathintekayo.
