Ukusatshalaliswa Kwezitshalo Nezilwane Emhlabeni Ngokusho kuka-Alfred Russel Wallace
U-Alfred Russel Wallace wayeyisazi semvelo saseNgilandi kanye nesazi sejografi esaziwa njengomuntu obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokukhethwa kwemvelo. Nakuba ayevame ukufihlwa nguCharles Darwin, uWallace wenza iminikelo ebalulekile kwibhayoloji, ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni lwe-biogeography, oluhlola ukusatshalaliswa kwezitshalo nezilwane emhlabeni jikelele. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuthi uWallace wadweba kanjani ukusatshalaliswa kwezitshalo nezilwane futhi siqonde umthelela wokuthola kwakhe kubhayoloji.
Isizinda sikaWallace kanye Nohambo Lwakhe
UWallace wazalwa ngo-1823 eMonmouthshire, eNgilandi. Intshisekelo yakhe ejulile ngemvelo yamyisa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba, okuhlanganisa i-Amazon kanye neMalay Archipelago (ikakhulukazi ingxenye yalokho manje okuyi-Indonesia). Uhambo lwakhe kanye nocwaningo lwakhe eMalay Archipelago phakathi kuka-1854 no-1862 kwaba nezithelo ezinhle kakhulu, njengoba kulapho uWallace asungula khona imibono eminingi eyakha isisekelo semibono yakhe nge-biogeography kamuva.
Singabiza uWallace ngokuthi “uBaba we-Biogeography” ngoba wayengowokuqala ukudweba ngokuhlelekile ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphezu kocwaningo lwakhe ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, waphinde wacabanga ukuthi i-geography kanye nemvelo kuthinta kanjani ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Umqondo kaWallace Wezindawo Ze-Biogeographic
Enye yeminikelo emikhulu kaWallace ku-biogeography kwakuwukuhlonza kwakhe izindawo ze-biogeographic zomhlaba. UWallace wahlukanisa umhlaba ngezindawo ngokusekelwe ekungafani kwezitshalo nezilwane. Lezi zindawo zaziwa ngokuthi "uMgqa weWallace," okukhomba umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezilwane zase-Asia nase-Australasia. Lokhu kwakungenye yezinto azitholile ezinkulu kakhulu ezavela ohambweni lwakhe eMalay Archipelago.
Umzila iWallace uphakathi kweziqhingi zaseBorneo naseSulawesi kanye naphakathi kweBali neLombok. Uphawula umngcele wendawo lapho izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zasemhlabeni zibonisa khona umehluko omkhulu. Isibonelo, izilwane zaseBali zifana kakhulu nezase-Asia, kanti izilwane zaseLombok zifana kakhulu nezase-Australasia.
Izici Ezithinta Ukusabalala Kwezitshalo Nezilwane
UWallace waphikisana ngokuthi izici eziningi zithonya ukusatshalaliswa kwezitshalo nezilwane, okuhlanganisa indawo yemvelo, isimo sezulu, kanye nomlando we-geology. Waphawula ukuthi izinhlobo ezikhona endaweni ethile ziwumphumela wokuzivumelanisa nemvelo yendawo kanye nezici ezivimbela ukufuduka.
1. I-Physical Geography: UWallace waqaphela ukuthi izithiyo ezifana nezintaba, izilwandle, kanye nogwadule zidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni imingcele yemvelo yokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo. Ngenxa yalokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezindawo, inani elifanayo lingaguquka libe izinhlobo ezahlukene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
2. Isimo Sezulu: Isimo sezulu sendawo siphinde sithonye izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingaphila lapho. Izici ezifana nokushisa, imvula, kanye nomswakama zinikeza imingcele eyengeziwe enquma ukusabalala kwezinto eziphilayo.
3. Umlando Wezinto Eziphilayo: UWallace waqaphela nethonya lezinguquko zezinto eziphilayo, njengokushintsha kwamapuleti e-tectonic, ekusatshalalisweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Umlando wezinto eziphilayo wendawo unquma ubudala bomhlabathi kanye nokwakheka kwezindawo zokuhlala ezitholakalayo zokuhlala.
Ithonya LikaWallace Esayensini Yanamuhla
Iminikelo kaWallace ku-biogeography kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo yavula indlela yocwaningo oluningi lwesimanje ku-biology kanye ne-ecology. Wabonisa ukubaluleka kokucabangela izici eziningi lapho efunda ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo futhi wathuthukisa ukuqonda ukubaluleka kokukhethwa kwemvelo ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Ngokwesayensi yesimanje, ucwaningo lukaWallace luyisisekelo emikhakheni efana ne-ecology, i-paleontology, kanye nesayensi yezemvelo. Ukuqonda ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane sekubaluleke kakhulu ngokongiwa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokunciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Ukuzindla kanye nesiphetho
Ifa lika-Alfred Russel Wallace ekuqondeni ukusabalala kwezitshalo nezilwane emhlabeni wonke alinakuphikwa. Isibindi sakhe kanye nesithakazelo sakhe ekuhloleni izifunda ezingaziwa kakhulu kanye nokubhala phansi izitshalo nezilwane zazo kuye kwanikeza ukuqonda okuphawulekayo ngezinqubo zemvelo ezakha imvelo yethu.
Ezweni elihlala lishintsha ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu, ukuqonda kukaWallace okujulile ngokusebenzisana phakathi kwemvelo nokuphila kunikeza isiqondiso esibalulekile emizamweni yokulondolozwa kwemvelo yanamuhla. Ngokutadisha ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezici ezithonya lokhu, singalondoloza kangcono ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zeplanethi yethu ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo.
UWallace wasikhumbuza ukuthi uMhlaba awuyona nje ikhaya labantu, kodwa futhi uyikhaya lezigidi zezinye izinhlobo, ngayinye inendima ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni okukhulu kokuphila. Izincwadi zakhe, kokubili ngombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zezinto eziphilayo, zisalokhu zifundwa kakhulu kososayensi nabathandi bemvelo kuze kube namuhla. Lo mqhawe we-biogeography uyaqhubeka nokuphefumulela abanye abaningi ekufuneni kwabo ukuhlukahluka kokuphila eMhlabeni.
