Ubuchwepheshe Bokucubungula Izinhlanzi Ezisemathinini
Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula izinhlanzi ezisemathinini buyindlela entsha ebalulekile embonini yokudla, okwenza izinhlanzi—ukudla okucebile ngamaprotheni nama-omega-3 fatty acid—kugcinwe isikhathi eside, kusatshalaliswe kabanzi, futhi kuhlale kuphephile ukudliwa. Imikhiqizo yezinhlanzi ezisemathinini njenge-sardine, i-tuna, i-mackerel, ne-salmon isibe ukukhetha okuwusizo kubathengi abaningi ngenxa yokulula kokucubungula, isikhathi eside sokugcinwa, kanye nokutholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zama-sauces nezinongo. Ngemuva kwalokhu kulula kukhona uchungechunge lwezinqubo zobuchwepheshe eziqinile, kusukela ekukhetheni izinto zokusetshenziswa kuya ekuhlanzeni nasekulawuleni ikhwalithi.
1. Umqondo Oyisisekelo Wokufaka Amathini
Ukukhena kuyindlela yokugcina ukudla ehilela ukubeka umkhiqizo esitsheni esingangeni moya bese uwufudumeza ezingeni lokushisa elithile ukuze kubulawe amagciwane abangela ukubola kanye namagciwane. Isimiso esiyinhloko sokukhena ukufeza izimo ezihlanzekile kwezentengiselwano, okuyizimo lapho inani lamagciwane asele liphansi kakhulu kangangokuthi umkhiqizo uphephile futhi uzinzile ngesikhathi sokugcina okuvamile.
Ukuzibeka emathinini kuyinselele kakhulu ngoba ziyinto ebola kalula. Ukuqukethwe kwamanzi amaningi, umsebenzi wama-enzyme, kanye namagciwane angaphezulu kwenza ikhwalithi yezinhlanzi yonakale ngokushesha uma zingaphathwanga kahle. Ngakho-ke, impumelelo yobuchwepheshe bokucubungula izinhlanzi emathinini inqunywa kakhulu ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa, isikhathi, ukuhlanzeka, kanye nesivinini senqubo kusukela ngesikhathi inhlanzi ibanjwa.
2. Izinto Zokusetshenziswa Nokuphathwa Kokuqala
Isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhetha inhlanzi entsha ehlangabezana nezidingo. Imingcele evamile yobusha okufanele icatshangelwe ifaka phakathi iphunga (iphunga elisha, hhayi elinamandla kakhulu lenhlanzi), umbala we-gill (obomvu okhanyayo), ukuthungwa kwenyama (okuqinile), kanye namehlo enhlanzi (acacile futhi angacwili). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu benhlanzi bubalulekile nasekufudumaleni okufanayo ngesikhathi senqubo yokubulala amagciwane.
Lapho zifika efektri, izinhlanzi zivame ukugcinwa zipholile kusetshenziswa iqhwa noma indawo yokugcina ebandayo ukuze kuncishiswe umsebenzi wamagciwane. Uchungechunge olubandayo kumele lugcinwe ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa lezinhlanzi liphansi. Ezimbonini zanamuhla, kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokushisa nesikhathi (ukulandelela) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlanzi azivezwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (cishe ama-5–60°C) asheshisa ukukhula kwamagciwane.
3. Ukuhlunga, Ukuwasha, Nokulungiselela
Izinhlanzi zibe sezihlelwa ngobukhulu kanye nekhwalithi. Zibe sezigezwa ukuze kususwe ukungcola, i-slime, kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo. Kweminye imikhiqizo, izinhlanzi ziyasuswa amathumbu (ukunqunywa kwesisu), zinqunywe ikhanda, zisuswe amathambo athile, noma zihlungwe. Ngokwe-tuna ekheniwe, isibonelo, ukuhlukanisa inyama nezingxenye ezimnyama nokuhlunga inyama ngokwezinga kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina uhlangabezana nezindinganiso.
Lesi sigaba sokulungiselela sihilela nokuhlola izinto zangaphandle (njengezinsalela zensimbi noma zepulasitiki). Izimboni zivame ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuphepha kokudla ezifana ne-HACCP (Ukuhlaziywa Kwezingozi kanye Namaphuzu Okulawula Okubalulekile) ukuze zithole amaphuzu abalulekile okumele alawulwe.
4. Ukupheka kusengaphambili
Imikhiqizo eminingi yezinhlanzi ezisemathinini ilungiswa kusengaphambili. Le nqubo ihlose:
1. Nciphisa amanzi amaningi kanye namafutha ukuze ukuthungwa kube kuncane kakhulu.
2. Kwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa isikhumba namathambo (ngezinhlobo ezithile).
3. Nciphisa umthwalo we-microbial ngaphambi kokuwufaka emathinini.
4. Kunciphisa ukuncishiswa okwenzeka ngemva kokushisa kokugcina.
Ukupheka kusengaphambili kungenziwa ngokufutha noma ngokufudumeza ngamanzi ashisayo. Izinga lokushisa nesikhathi kuyalungiswa ukuze kuphekwe inhlanzi kancane ngaphandle kokulimaza kakhulu isakhiwo senyama. Ngemva kokupheka kusengaphambili, inhlanzi iyapholiswa, bese inqunywa bese ikalwa ngesisindo esifunekayo esitsheni.
5. Ukugcwalisa Emathini (Ukugcwalisa)
Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukugcwalisa amathini ngenhlanzi. Inhlanzi ingaba yizicucu, ama-flakes, ama-fillet, noma inhlanzi yonke (njenge-sardine encane). Ngemva kwalokho, kufakwa indawo yokugcwalisa, njenge:
– Amafutha (isib. amafutha emifino noma amafutha omnqumo),
– Amanzi anosawoti (i-brine),
- Usoso katamatisi,
– Isosi eshisayo, i-curry, noma izinongo ezithile ezikhethekile.
Ukwakheka kwalesi sixhobo kuthonya ukunambitheka, inani lokudla okunempilo, kanye nokuzinza komkhiqizo. Ukwengezwa kosawoti nezinongo kumele kuhambisane, ngakho imboni isebenzisa izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezenzakalelayo ukuze igcine amazinga ekhwalithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo engaphakathi kwethini ilawulwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinqubo zokushisa kanye nokwakheka kwe-vacuum.
6. Ukuqeda amandla nokuthungwa (Ukuvala amathini)
Ngaphambi kokuba ithini livalwe, kwenziwa inqubo ekhathazayo yokukhipha umoya ethini. Inhloso ukwenza lokhu:
- Yehlisa umoya-mpilo ongabangela ukubola kwamafutha (ukushaqeka),
- Kusiza ekwakheni i-vacuum ngemva kokushisa,
– Kunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okweqile.
Ukukhipha umoya kungenziwa ngokushisa okuncane noma ngomusi. Ngemva kwalokho, ithini livalwa kusetshenziswa umthungi, okudala ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwesivalo nomzimba wethini (umthungo ophindwe kabili). Ikhwalithi yomthungo ibalulekile; ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaholela ekuvuza okuyingozi, okuvumela amagciwane ukuthi angene.
7. Ukubulala amagciwane (Ukubuyisela emuva)
Ukuhlanza kuyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe bokufaka amathini. Amathini avalwe ashiswa ngendlela yokucindezela (i-pressure sterilizer) ekushiseni okuphezulu, ngokuvamile cishe ngo-110–121°C, isikhathi esithile kuye ngohlobo lomkhiqizo, usayizi wethini, kanye nezici zokudlulisa ukushisa.
Umgomo oyinhloko wokubulala amagciwane ekudleni okune-asidi ephansi njengezinhlanzi ukulawula ama-spores ayingozi ebhaktheriya, ikakhulukazi i-Clostridium botulinum, engakhiqiza ubuthi be-botulinum. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokubulala amagciwane kumele iqinisekiswe kusetshenziswa izibalo zokubulala (isb., umqondo we-F0) ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha.
Izindlela zanamuhla zokuphendula zingasebenzisa:
– Impendulo yomusi (umusi),
- Impendulo yokufutha ngamanzi,
- Impendulo yokucwiliswa emanzini,
- Phendula ngohlelo lokulawula izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi oluzenzakalelayo.
Ukulawula izinga lokushisa elinembile kanye nokucindezela kuvimbela amathini ukuthi angavuvukali, aqhume, noma aguge, ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukuthi afudumala ngokulinganayo.
8. Ukupholisa Nokomisa
Ngemva kokubulala amagciwane, amathini kufanele apholiswe ngokushesha kusetshenziswa amanzi ahlanzekile ukuze kumiswe ukupheka okuqhubekayo nokugcina ukuthungwa. Ukupholisa kuvimbela nokupheka ngokweqile, okungenza inhlanzi ibe manzi kakhulu.
Amathini abe eseyomiswa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugqwala kobuso. Kulesi sigaba, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo ukuze kutholakale amaqhubu, ukuvuza, noma ukuvuvukala. Amathini angajwayelekile avame ukususwa ukuze kuhlolwe kabanzi.
9. Ukugcinwa, Ukufukama, kanye Nokulawulwa Kwekhwalithi
Ezinye izimboni zisebenzisa i-incubation, okuhlanganisa ukugcina amasampula omkhiqizo emazingeni okushisa athile ukuze kuqashwe ukuvuza noma ukukhula kwamagciwane. Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi kuhlanganisa futhi:
– Ukuhlolwa kwezinto eziphilayo (ukungazalisi kwezentengiselwano),
– Ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali (amazinga kasawoti, i-histamine ezinhlanzini ezithile, ukushiswa kwamafutha),
– Ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba (isisindo esiphelele, isikhala sekhanda, isimo somthungo),
– Ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa (iphunga, ukunambitheka, ukuthungwa, umbala).
Amakhodi okulebula nokukhiqiza afakiwe ngenhloso yokulandelela, ukuze uma kuvela inkinga, umkhiqizo ukwazi ukulandelwa futhi ubuyiselwe ngendlela eqondiwe.
10. Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Nezinselele Zobuchwepheshe Bezinhlanzi Ezisemathinini
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe iqhuba imboni yezinhlanzi ezisemathinini ukuthi isebenze kahle futhi iqhubeke isikhathi eside. Ukuzenzakalela kwezinqubo zokugcwalisa, ukuvala, kanye nokubulala amagciwane kuthuthukisa ukuhambisana komkhiqizo futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokungcola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezintsha zokupakisha ezifana nezivalo ezivuleka kalula zithuthukisa ukusebenziseka kalula kwabathengi, kuyilapho ucwaningo ngezinto zokupakisha lusiza ekunciphiseni ukugqwala kanye nokusebenzisana kwensimbi nomkhiqizo.
Kodwa-ke, imboni ibhekene nezinselele ezifana nokushintshashintsha kwezimpahla zezinhlanzi, ukudoba okusimeme, kanye nezidingo zabathengi zemikhiqizo enempilo (usawoti ophansi, uwoyela ophansi, noma ngaphandle kwezithasiselo ezithile). Ukulawulwa kwe-histamine ezinhlanzini zomndeni wakwaScombridae (isb., i-tuna) nakho kuyinkinga ebalulekile ngenxa yobudlelwano bayo nokuphepha kokudla.
Isiphetho
Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula izinhlanzi ezisemathinini luhlelo oluhlanganisiwe oluhlanganisa ukuphathwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukupheka kusengaphambili, ukugcwalisa, ukuvala, ukubulala amagciwane ngengcindezi, kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi okuqinile. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zemikhiqizo yezinhlanzi ezisemathinini zisekuphepheni kwazo, isikhathi eside sokuphila, kanye nokulula kokusetshenziswa. Ngokusebenzisa amazinga okuhlanzeka, ukuqinisekisa inqubo yokubulala amagciwane, kanye nokuqamba izinto ezintsha njalo, imboni yezinhlanzi ezisemathinini ingaqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngokudla okuphephile, okunomsoco, nokulula emphakathini obanzi.
Uma ufisa, ngingangeza nesigaba esithi “umdwebo wokugeleza kwenqubo”, izibonelo zemingcele yesikhathi sokushisa nokuhlanza amagciwane, noma ingxoxo ethile ye-HACCP ekufakweni kwezinhlanzi.
