Ithiyori yeKinetic
Inqubo yokuhwamuka ingachazwa kusetshenziswa i-kinetic theory. Njengama-molecule egesi, ama-molecule amanzi nawo ayahamba. Umehluko ukuthi ama-molecule amanzi awakwazi ukwahlukana ngoba amandla akhangayo phakathi kwawo asakwazi ukuwabamba ndawonye. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-molecule egesi abuthakathaka kakhulu, ngakho-ke ama-molecule egesi awakwazi ukunamathelana. Lapho ehamba, ama-molecule amanzi anejubane. Amanye ama-molecule amanzi anejubane eliphezulu, kanti amanye anejubane eliphansi. Ukusatshalaliswa kwejubane lama-molecule amanzi kufana nokusatshalaliswa kwe-Maxwell.
Ukuhwamuka kwenzeka lapho ijubane lama-molecule amanzi likhulu ngokwanele, kangangokuthi amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-molecule amanzi awakwazi ukuwabamba ndawonye. Njengorokhethi ehamba emkhathini, ijubane lerokhethi likhulu ngokwanele kangangokuthi amandla adonsela phansi omhlaba awakwazi ukuwuvimba ukuthi uhlale emhlabeni. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-molecule anejubane elikhulu kuphela akwazi ukuphunyuka emandleni akhangayo phakathi kwama-molecule. Ama-molecule anejubane elincane asahlangana ukuze akhe amanzi.
Ama-molecule amanzi anobukhulu kanye nesivinini noma isivinini ukuze ama-molecule amanzi abe namandla e-kinetic (EK = 1/2 mv2). Ama-molecule amanzi anejubane eliphezulu anamandla amakhulu e-kinetic kunama-molecule amanzi anejubane eliphansi. Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi ama-molecule amanzi angabalekela amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-molecule (ama-molecule amanzi aphenduka umhwamuko) anamandla amakhulu e-kinetic. Ngokuvamile, amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi ayanda njengoba izinga lokushisa lamanzi likhuphuka. Uma izinga lokushisa lamanzi liphezulu ngokwanele, amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi ayanda. Ngakho-ke, amanzi amaningi azophenduka umhwamuko. Lokhu kuhambisana nemiphumela yocwaningo ekhombisa ukuthi izinga lokuhwamuka livame ukuba likhulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Uma somisa izingubo ezimanzi elangeni, izingubo ezimanzi zimunca ukushisa okukhishwa yilanga. Amandla engeziwe avela elangeni abangela amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi ezingutsheni ukuba ande. Ngenxa yokuthi amandla e-kinetic ayanda, ama-molecule amanzi ahamba ngokushesha (isivinini sama-molecule amanzi siyanda). Uma ijubane lawo noma amandla e-kinetic efika enanini elithile, ama-molecule amanzi angaphunyuka emandleni akhangayo phakathi kwama-molecule amanzi, bese ephenduka umusi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukoma kwezingubo ezimanzi akuthonywa nje kuphela ukushisa okwengeziwe okuvela elangeni. Izingubo ezimanzi zingaphinde zome ngenxa yokushisa okwengeziwe okuvela emoyeni ofudumele ozungeze izingubo (ukudluliselwa kokushisa ngokuqhutshwa kusuka emoyeni kuya ezingutsheni ezimanzi).
Ngosuku olushisayo, umhlabathi noma iphansi lishisa ngokushesha. Umhlabathi ushisa ngokushesha ngoba ukushisa kwawo okukhulu impela. Umhlabathi ushisa umoya ongaphezulu kwawo (kulokhu, ukudluliselwa kokushisa kwenzeka ngokuqhutshwa komoya). Umoya oshisayo uyakhula (ubuningi bawo buyancipha) bese uhambela phezulu. Uma udlula ezingutsheni ezimanzi, ama-molecule omoya ashayisana nama-molecule amanzi ezingutsheni. Ama-molecule amanzi ahamba ngokushesha. Ngenxa yokuthi ahamba ngokushesha, amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi ayanda. Ama-molecule amanzi ahamba ngokushesha ashayisana namanye ama-molecule amanzi. Ngenxa yokuthi aqhubeka eshayisana nama-molecule omoya, ama-molecule amanzi ahamba ngokushesha (amandla awo e-kinetic ayanda).
Uma ijubane noma amandla e-kinetic afinyelela inani elithile, ama-molecule amanzi ahamba ngokushesha angaphunyuka ekukhangeni phakathi kwama-molecule abe umusi… Amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi noma ama-molecule omoya ahlobene kakhulu nokushisa. Uma amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi emakhulu, khona-ke ngesikhathi esifanayo izinga lokushisa lamanzi liphezulu. Noma ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi liphezulu, amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi kumele abe makhulu. Amandla e-kinetic nawo ahlobene nesivinini. Lapho amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule emakhulu, isivinini sama-molecule sikhulu. Noma ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho ijubane lama-molecule likhulu, kulapho amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule eba makhulu khona.
Kuthiwani ngamanzi ashisayo? Amanzi ashisayo anezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Ngenxa yokuthi izinga lokushisa lamanzi liphezulu, ama-molecule amanzi emanzini anamandla amakhulu e-kinetic ajwayelekile. Ngenxa yokuthi amandla ajwayelekile e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi makhulu, ama-molecule amaningi amanzi anejubane eliphezulu (ama-molecule amaningi amanzi ahamba ngokushesha). Ama-molecule amanzi anejubane eliphezulu angaphuma emandleni akhangayo phakathi kwama-molecule futhi aphenduke umusi. Ama-molecule amanzi kuphela anejubane eliphezulu (ama-molecule amanzi anamandla amakhulu e-kinetic) abalekela umusi, kuyilapho ama-molecule amanzi anejubane eliphansi (ama-molecule amanzi anamandla amancane e-kinetic) engaphenduki umusi. Ngakho-ke, lapho ama-molecule amanzi anejubane eliphezulu eshintsha abe umusi, amandla ajwayelekile e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi ahlala ndawonye aba mancane. Uma amandla ajwayelekile e-kinetic emancane, izinga lokushisa lamanzi liyancipha (amanzi abanda kakhulu). Ngokusekelwe kule ncazelo emfushane, kungashiwo ukuthi ukuhwamuka kuyinqubo yokupholisa.
Inqubo yokupholisa ebangelwa ukuhwamuka iyinto evamile empilweni yansuku zonke. Uma umoya ushisa kakhulu, umzimba ubamba ukushisa okuningi. Ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa lomzimba elihlala njalo, umzimba uvame ukukhulula ukushisa ngokujuluka. Ngenxa yokuthi ukujuluka kuthola ukushisa okwengeziwe elangeni nasemoyeni ozungezile, amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule okujuluka ayanda. Ngenxa yokuthi amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule okujuluka ayanda, ijubane lama-molecule okujuluka liyanda. Ama-molecule okujuluka aphenduka umhwamuko. Lapho ukujuluka kuhwamuka, umzimba uzizwa upholile. Nasi esinye isibonelo... Ngokuvamile ngemva kokugeza, umzimba wethu uzizwa upholile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amanzi anamathela ebusweni besikhumba ayahwamuka.
Inqubo yokuhwamuka echazwe ngenhla yenzeka nsuku zonke. Amanzi olwandle, amanzi echibi, kanye namanzi omfula nawo angahwamuka…
Ukucindezela Komusi
Okushiwo umusi lapha umhwamuko wamanzi. Bheka isithombe. Isitsha esivaliwe esigcwele amanzi (cabanga ukuthi umoya osesitsheni ususiwe). Ngokusho kwe-kinetic theory, ama-molecule amanzi ahlala ehamba. Lapho ehamba, ama-molecule amanzi anejubane namandla e-kinetic. Ama-molecule amanzi anejubane elanele namandla e-kinetic angaphunyuka emandleni akhangayo phakathi kwama-molecule amanzi bese ephenduka umusi... Inqubo efanayo yenzeka kuma-molecule amanzi asesitsheni esiseduze nawo. Njengoba isikhathi sihamba, ama-molecule amanzi amaningi aphenduka umusi. Ngenxa yokuthi isitsha sivaliwe, ama-molecule amanzi aphenduke umusi awakwazi ukuphunyuka aye emkhathini (ama-molecule avaleleke esitsheni). Inani lama-molecule amanzi aphenduka umusi likhulu ngokwanele kangangokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokushayisana phakathi kwama-molecule nezindonga zesitsha.
Amanye ama-molecule ashaya izindonga zesitsha azobonakala emuva ebusweni bamanzi futhi ahlangane akhe amanzi. Le nqubo iphindaphinda njalo. Njengoba isikhathi sihamba, ama-molecule amaningi amanzi azophenduka abe umhwamuko (ashintshe kusuka koketshezi aye kumhwamuko). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amanye ama-molecule ashaya izindonga zesitsha azophenduka abe amanzi (ashintshe kusuka kumhwamuko aye kumhwamuko). Uma inani lama-molecule ashintsha kusuka koketshezi aye kumhwamuko lilingana nenani lama-molecule ashintsha kusuka kumhwamuko aye kumhwamuko, khona-ke kuzokwenzeka ukulingana. Lapho kwenzeka ukulingana, ingxenye ephezulu yesitsha equkethe umhwamuko kuthiwa igcwele… Ukucindezela komhwamuko endaweni egcwele kwaziwa ngokuthi ukucindezela komhwamuko okugcwele.
Ushintsho oluvela koketshezi luye emhwamukweni lubizwa ngokuthi ukuhwamuka. Ushintsho oluvela emhwamukweni luye emhwamukweni lubizwa ngokuthi ukujiya. Qaphela ukuthi umfutho womhwamuko ogcwele uncike kuphela ekushiseni hhayi kuvolumu. Njengoba izinga lokushisa lamanzi likhuphuka, amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi ayanda.
Amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi ayanda ukuze ijubane lama-molecule amanzi likhuphuke. Ngale ndlela, ama-molecule amaningi anejubane eliphezulu azophenduka abe umhwamuko (shintsha isimo kusuka koketshezi kuya kumhwamuko). Ngenxa yokuthi ivolumu yesitsha izinzile, ingcindezi yomhwamuko incike kuphela enanini lama-molecule (N) kanye nesivinini (v).
Uma ama-molecule amaningi (i-N enkulu) eguquka abe umhwamuko futhi isivinini sala ma-molecule siphakeme (i-v enkulu), kulapho ingcindezi yomhwamuko ikhuphuka khona. Ngakho-ke, ukulingana kuzokwenzeka ngokucindezela komhwamuko okuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ingcindezi yomhwamuko egcwele nayo izokhula. Ingcindezi yomhwamuko egcwele ikhona kuphela uma kufinyelelwa ukulingana. Okulandelayo kukhombisa ushintsho ekucindezelweni komhwamuko ogcwele wamanzi ngokushisa.
Umfutho womusi uncike kuvolumu, kodwa umfutho womusi ogcwele awunciphi. Uma ivolumu yesitsha ikhuphuka noma yehla, ukulingana kuzofinyelelwa ekugcineni. Umfanekiso ongenhla umane nje ukukuqondisa ukuthi uqonde umfutho womusi ogcwele owenzeka emkhathini. Umehluko ukuthi, emfanekisweni odlule, sicabange ukuthi akukho moya engxenyeni yesitsha engenamanzi. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye yesitsha eyayingenamanzi yayihlalwa umhwamuko wamanzi kuphela. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubuso boMhlaba buhlala bugcwele umoya. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwama-molecule omhwamuko namanye ama-molecule egesi kwandisa isikhathi esithathayo ukuze ukulingana kufinyelele ukulingana. Kodwa-ke, ukulingana kuzofinyelelwa ekugcineni lapho inani lama-molecule amanzi aphenduka umhwamuko lilingana nenani lama-molecule omhwamuko aphenduka amanzi.
