Ithiyori Yokufunda Nokusetshenziswa Kwayo Ekilasini
I-Pendahuluan
Imfundo iyisisekelo esibalulekile sokuthuthukisa amandla omuntu ngamunye kanye nawomphakathi. Inqubo yokufunda ephumelelayo ibalulekile ekukhiqizeni abantu abanekhono nabaziphatha kahle. Esimweni semfundo, imibono yokufunda idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi abafundi bathola kanjani ulwazi namakhono. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngemibono eminingana ebalulekile yokufunda nokuthi ingasetshenziswa kanjani ekilasini ukudala indawo yokufunda efanele.
Imibono Yokufunda
1. Ukuziphatha Okuhle
Ithiyori ye-Behaviorism igcizelela ukuthi ukufunda kuwushintsho ekuziphatheni olungabonwa futhi lulinganiswe. Abantu abaphambili kulo mbono nguJohn B. Watson noB.F. Skinner. Bakholelwa ukuthi indawo ezungezile ithonya ukuziphatha nokuthi ukufunda kungachazwa ngezimpendulo ezisuseni zangaphandle (stimulus-response).
Isicelo Sekilasi:
1. Isijeziso Nokufunda Okusekelwe Emvuzweni: Othisha bangasebenzisa uhlelo lomvuzo nokujezisa ukukhuthaza abafundi. Isibonelo, ukunikeza udumo noma imiklomelo emincane kubafundi abathola imiphumela emihle noma abaqede imisebenzi kahle.
2. Ukusetshenziswa Kwendlela Yokubhoboza: Ukuzijwayeza okuphindaphindiwe (ukubhoboza) ezifundweni ezithile njengezibalo ukuze kuqiniswe inkumbulo namakhono abafundi.
2. Ukuqonda
Ithiyori yokuqonda igcizelela izinqubo zengqondo ezenzeka ngaphakathi komuntu ngesikhathi sokufunda. Abantu ababalulekile njengoJean Piaget noJerome Bruner bathi ukufunda kuhilela ukuqonda, ukucubungula ulwazi, nokusebenzisa ulwazi olusha.
Isicelo Sekilasi:
1. Ukusetshenziswa Kwamamephu Omqondo: Siza abafundi ukuhlela ulwazi ngokusebenzisa amamephu omqondo noma imidwebo yeVenn.
2. Indlela Yokubuza: Khuthaza abafundi ukuba babuze imibuzo, bahlole, futhi bathole ulwazi ngokuzimela. Othisha bangabela amaphrojekthi noma imisebenzi yokuphenya ephonsela abafundi inselelo yokucabanga ngokujulile.
3. Ukwakha izinto ezintsha
Ukwakha, okuthonywe ngabantu abanjengoLev Vygotsky noJean Piaget, kugcizelela ukuthi ukufunda kuyinqubo yokwakha ulwazi ngokusebenzisa ulwazi kanye nokuxhumana nabantu. Abafundi babhekwa njengabafundi abakhuthele abakha ukuqonda kwabo ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo.
Isicelo Sekilasi:
1. Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi: Abafundi basebenza ngamaqembu ukuze baqedele amaphrojekthi angokoqobo ahlanganisa izifundo eziningi. Lokhu kubasiza ukuthi basebenzise ulwazi lwabo ezimweni zangempela.
2. Ukubambisana Nokuxoxisana: Khuthaza ukubambisana nokuxoxisana phakathi kwabafundi ukuze kudalwe ukuqondana nokuvumela ukufunda ngokubona komunye nomunye.
4. Ithiyori Yokufunda Komphakathi
U-Albert Bandura wasungula inkolelo-mbono yokufunda kwezenhlalo egcizelela ukubaluleka kokubuka, ukulingisa, kanye nokulingisa enkambisweni yokufunda. Ngokusho kukaBandura, abantu abafundi nje kuphela ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kodwa nangokubuka ukuziphatha kwabanye.
Isicelo Sekilasi:
1. Ukumodela Okuhle Okwenziwa Othisha: Othisha bangasebenza njengezibonelo ezibonisa ukuziphatha okuhle namakhono alindelekile kubafundi.
2. Ukufunda Ngokubambisana: Ukwakha amaqembu okufunda lapho abafundi bengafunda khona komunye nomunye ngokubuka nokuphendula kontanga yabo.
5. Ithiyori Yokufunda Yobuntu
Le mbono, eyasungulwa ngabantu abanjengoCarl Rogers no-Abraham Maslow, igxile ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla aphelele omuntu. Igcizelela ukubaluleka kwezidingo ezingokomzwelo nezingokwengqondo enkambisweni yokufunda.
Isicelo Sekilasi:
1. Indlela Egxile Kumuntu: Ihlonipha ukungafani kwabantu ngabanye futhi inaka izidingo zabafundi ezingokomzwelo nezingokwengqondo. Lokhu kungase kuhilele izikhathi zokwelulekwa noma zokwelulekwa ukusiza abafundi ukubhekana nezinkinga zabo ezithinta ukufunda kwabo.
2. Indawo Yokufunda Enhle: Ukudala indawo yokufundela ejabulisayo nesekelayo, lapho abafundi bezizwa bephephile futhi bamukelekile.
Ukuhlanganiswa Nokusetshenziswa Kwethiyori Ekufundeni
Ukusetshenziswa kwemibono yokufunda ekilasini akuxhomekile kumbono owodwa kodwa kuvame ukuhilela inhlanganisela yemibono eminingana. Othisha abaphumelelayo bazosebenzisa indlela ehlanganisayo neguquguqukayo efanela izidingo zabafundi kanye nemigomo yokufunda.
Izindlela Ezinhle Zokusebenzisa Ithiyori Yokufunda
1. Ukuhlola Izidingo Zomuntu Ngamunye: Ukuqonda izidingo, amakhono, kanye nezindlela zokufunda zomfundi ngamunye ukuze kulungiswe izindlela zokufundisa.
2. Imfundo Ehlukahlukene: Ukunikeza indlela ehlukahlukene yokwamukela amakhono ahlukene abafundi. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi ukuhlukahluka kwejubane lokufunda, izindlela zokuhlola, kanye nezinto zokufunda.
3. Ukufunda Okusebenzayo: Ukubandakanya abafundi ngenkuthalo enkambisweni yokufunda ngezingxoxo, amaphrojekthi, ukuzijwayeza ukwenza izinto, kanye nemisebenzi yokubambisana.
4. Impendulo Nokuzindla: Nikeza impendulo eyakhayo njalo futhi ukhuthaze ukuzicabangela kwabafundi ukuze kwandiswe ukuqonda nokuzethemba.
Izinselele Ekusebenziseni Ithiyori Yokufunda
1. Izithiyo Zesikhathi: Ngokuvamile othisha banesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokusebenzisa izindlela zokufunda ezahlukahlukene ngenxa yezifundo eziqinile.
2. Isidingo Sokuqeqeshwa Kothisha: Othisha badinga ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo ukuze baqonde futhi basebenzise imibono yokufunda ngempumelelo.
3. Ukuhlukahluka Kwezindlela Zokufunda: Ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomfundi ngamunye onezindlela zokufunda ezahlukene kungaba yinselele.
4. Ukuphatha Ikilasi Elingafani: Ukubhekana nekilasi nabafundi abanezizinda, amakhono, nezidingo ezahlukene kudinga isu elicophelelayo.
Isiphetho
Imibono yokufunda inikeza isisekelo esibalulekile sokuthuthukisa amasu okufundisa asebenzayo. Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa imibono ehlukahlukene yokufunda, othisha bangakha izindawo zasekilasini ezikhuthaza ukufunda okujulile nokunenjongo. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo nokusebenzisa le mibono kubalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zomfundi ngamunye kanye nokufeza imigomo yemfundo efiselekayo.
Kubalulekile ukuthi wonke uthisha afunde futhi athuthuke njalo, esebenzisa indlela ehlanganisayo futhi acabangele izici ezingokomzwelo, zenhlalo, kanye nezokuqonda enkambisweni yokufunda. Ngale ndlela, imfundo ingaba ithuluzi eliphumelelayo kakhulu ekubumbeni abantu abangagcini nje ngokuba nekhono lezemfundo kodwa futhi abanobuntu obuqinile kanye nekhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo zangempela.
