Ukuvundisa Nokusatshalaliswa Kwembewu: Izinqubo Ezibalulekile Empilweni Yezitshalo
Ukufaka umquba kanye nokusabalala kwembewu kuyizinqubo ezimbili ezibalulekile emjikelezweni wokuphila kwezitshalo ezivumela izinhlobo zezitshalo ukuthi ziphile futhi zizalane kusukela kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo ezimbili kunikeza ukuqonda kokuthi ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kugcinwa kanjani nokuthi izimiso zemvelo zihlala zilinganisiwe.
Ukukhulelwa: Isinyathelo Sokuqala Ekwakhekeni Kwempilo Entsha
Ukuvundisa inqubo lapho ama-gamete esilisa ahlangana khona futhi ahlangane nama-gamete esifazane ukuze kwakheke i-zygote, ezokhula ibe yimbewu. Ezitshalweni eziqhakazayo, le nqubo iqala ngokuvundisa impova, ukudluliselwa kwempova kusuka ku-anther kuya ku-stigma yembali.
1. Ukuthuthwa kwempova
Ukuthuthwa kwempova kungenzeka ngezindlela eziningana, okuhlanganisa umoya, amanzi, kanye nezinambuzane ezifana nezinambuzane, izinyoni, amalulwane, nezinye izilwane. Umoya njengomthuthi wempova uvame ukutholakala ezitshalweni ezinezimbali ezincane kanye nempova elula, njengotshani. Okwamanje, izimbali ezithuthwa yizinambuzane ngokuvamile zinemibala ekhangayo kanye nephunga elimnandi.
2. Inqubo Yokuvundisa
Uma uhlamvu lwempova selufinyelele esiqwini, luyahluma, lwakhe ithubhu lempova elingena ngesitayela ukuze lifinyelele ama-ovule ngaphakathi kwesibeletho sembali. Lapho lifika esibelethweni, elinye lama-nuclei esidoda lihlangana neqanda, likhiqize i-zygote. Ezitshalweni eziqhakazayo, kuvame ukukhulelwa kabili; kuyilapho i-nucleus eyodwa yesidoda ihlangana neqanda, elinye i-nucleus yesidoda ihlangana namanye ama-nuclei amabili e-polar ukuze kwakheke i-endosperm, ezohlinzeka ngomthombo wokudla we-embryo ekhulayo.
Ukwakheka Nokuthuthukiswa Kwembewu
Imbewu isakhiwo esiqukethe umbungu wesitshalo esisha kanye nokudla okugciniwe okudingekayo ezigabeni zokuqala zokuhluma. Ngemva kokukhulelwa, iqanda liqala ukukhula libe yimbewu.
1. Indima Yesibungu Nesidoda
I-embryo yingxenye eyinhloko yembewu ezokhula ibe yisitshalo esisha. I-endosperm, umkhiqizo wokukhulelwa kabili, isebenza njengomthombo wezakhamzimba ngesikhathi sokuhluma. Kwezinye imbewu, njengommbila nezinhlamvu ezahlukahlukene, i-endosperm ihlala ingashintshi futhi isebenza njengendawo yokugcina ukudla eyinhloko. Kwezinye imbewu, njengobhontshisi, i-endosperm cishe idluliselwa ngokuphelele kuma-cotyledons.
2. Ukuthuthukiswa kweCotyledon
Ama-cotyledon, noma amaqabunga embewu, yingxenye yombungu emunca izakhamzimba kusuka ku-endosperm bese iba amaqabunga okuqala lapho imbewu ihluma. Inani lama-cotyledon lingahluka phakathi kweyodwa kuya kweyesibili, okubonisa ama-clade athile ezitshalo, okungukuthi ama-monocot nama-dicot.
Ukusabalala Kwembewu: Ukusabalalisa Impilo Entsha
Ukusabalala kwembewu kuyisihluthulelo sezinhlobo zezitshalo, okuqinisekisa ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo kanye namakoloni amasha angancintisani nesitshalo esingumzali. Izindlela ezahlukahlukene ziye zavela ukuze kube lula ukusabalala kwembewu.
1. Ukusabalala Komoya
Ezinye izitshalo zikhiqiza imbewu enezici ezikhethekile ezenza ukuthi ikwazi ukuthuthwa ngumoya. Isibonelo, ukukhanya kanye nezakhiwo ezinamaphiko noma ezinoboya ezitholakala embewini ye-dandelion kanye ne-maple kwenza ukuthi ikwazi ukundiza isuke ezitshalweni zayo ezizalayo.
2. Ukusabalala Ngamanzi
Izitshalo eziseduze kwamanzi zivame ukuba nembewu ethambile, njengokhukhunathi. Lezi mbewu zingathwalwa yimisinga yamanzi, ngezinye izikhathi ibanga elide, ukuze zihlale ezindaweni ezintsha.
3. Kusakazwa Yizilwane
Izilwane zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusabalalisweni kwembewu. Le nqubo ingenzeka ngaphandle, lapho imbewu inamathele eboyeni noma esikhumbeni sesilwane, noma ngaphakathi, lapho imbewu idliwa bese ikhishwa endle yesilwane kude nesitshalo esivela kuso. Izithelo ezimnandi nezinomsoco ziyindlela eyodwa edonsela izilwane ekudleni nasekusakazeni imbewu.
4. Ukusabalala Kwabantu
Nakuba kungeyona indlela yemvelo neyokuziphendukela kwemvelo, imisebenzi yabantu iye yangenisa izitshalo eziningi ezindaweni ezintsha zokuhlala. Ukusabalala kwabantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenziwa ngenhloso ngezolimo kanye nokulima, noma kungenhloso ngokuhamba, kuye kwabangela ushintsho ekusatshalalisweni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo emhlabeni jikelele.
Isiphetho
Izinqubo zokufaka umanyolo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwembewu zibalulekile emasu okuzala kwezitshalo, ezibalulekile ekwakheni nasekulondolozeni imvelo. Nakuba ngokuvamile zilula futhi zingabonakali, lezi zinqubo zithinta kakhulu ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuzinza kwemvelo.
Ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene zokuzivumelanisa nezimo, izitshalo ziyakwazi ukwethula inzalo yazo ezindaweni ezintsha, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyaphila. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda ukukhulelwa kanye nokusabalala kwembewu akubalulekile nje kuphela kubhayoloji yezitshalo, kodwa futhi nasekulondolozweni kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuphathwa kwemithombo yemvelo.
