Amasu Okuhamba Olwandle Aphumelelayo
Ukuzulazula olwandle kuwubuciko nesayensi yokunquma indawo yomkhumbi kanye nomzila ngenkathi usolwandle oluvulekile. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhumbi ufika lapho uya khona ngokuphephile nangendlela efanele. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, izindlela zokuzulazula olwandle ziye zashintsha kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezindlela ezahlukene ezisebenzayo zokuzulazula olwandle, kusukela kwezendabuko kuya kwezesimanje kakhulu.
1. Ukuzulazula Kwezinkanyezi
Ukuzulazula ngezinkanyezi kungenye yezindlela ezindala kakhulu zokuzulazula ezisasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Kuncike ekubonweni kwezinkanyezi, inyanga, ilanga namaplanethi ukuze kutholakale indawo yomkhumbi olwandle.
a. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Sextant
I-sextant iyithuluzi elibalulekile ekuzulazuleni kwezinkanyezi. Ngaleli thuluzi, amatilosi angalinganisa i-engeli phakathi kwezinto zasezulwini kanye nomkhathizwe. Besebenzisa lolu lwazi, kanye ne-Nautical Almanac, bangathola indawo yomkhumbi olwandle.
b. Indlela Yokunciphisa Ukubona
Indlela yokunciphisa ukubona ihilela uchungechunge lwamathebula namafomula asiza ukuguqula izilinganiso ze-angular zibe ama-coordinates emephu. Ngale ndlela, amatilosi anganquma indawo yomkhumbi wawo ngokunemba okukhulu, ngisho naselwandle olukhulu.
2. Ukuzulazula Ngephepha Nekhampasi
Enye indlela evamile yokuzulazula esasetshenziswa kabanzi ukusebenzisa imephu nekhampasi. Nakuba ibonakala ilula, le ndlela isasebenza kahle, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziphuthumayo.
a. Imephu Yolwandle
Ishadi lolwandle liwukubonakaliswa okuningiliziwe kwendawo yamanzi, okuhlanganisa ulwazi mayelana nokujula, ugu lolwandle, izindawo ezibalulekile zokuhamba, kanye nezingozi ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Lawa mamephu abalulekile ekuhleleni umzila kanye nokugwema izingozi.
b. Ikhampasi Kamagnetic
Ikhampasi yamagnetic iyithuluzi lokuhamba elisebenzisa insimu yamagnetic yoMhlaba ukukhombisa inyakatho. Naphezu kokuvela kobuchwepheshe be-GPS, ikhampasi isalokhu iyithuluzi elibalulekile, ikakhulukazi lapho imishini kagesi ihluleka.
c. Ukubala Okungafi
Ukubala okungapheli kuyindlela yokunquma indawo yomkhumbi ngokusekelwe esivinini sawo, isiqondiso, kanye nesikhathi esidlulile kusukela endaweni yawo yokugcina eyaziwayo. Nakuba kunganembile kangako kunezinye izindlela, ukubala okungapheli kusasebenza, ikakhulukazi lapho kubonakala khona kancane noma ngaphandle kokufinyelela kwezinye izinsiza zokuhamba.
3. Ukuzulazula Nge-elekthronikhi
Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, ukuzulazula olwandle kuye kwashintsha kakhulu ngokwethulwa kwezinsimbi zikagesi. Azithuthukisi nje kuphela ukunemba kodwa futhi kulula ukuzisebenzisa.
a. I-GPS (Uhlelo Lokubeka Indawo Lomhlaba Wonke)
I-GPS ubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa amasathelayithi ukuthola indawo yomkhumbi ngesikhathi sangempela ngokunemba okuphezulu kakhulu. Lolu hlelo seluyindlela ejwayelekile ekuzulazuleni kwanamuhla.
b. I-ECDIS (Ukuboniswa Kweshadi Le-elekthronikhi kanye Nohlelo Lolwazi)
I-ECDIS uhlelo olusebenzisa amamephu e-elekthronikhi ahlanganiswe neminye imininingwane ehlukahlukene, njengezindawo ze-GPS ne-radar, ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngolwazi oluphelele lokuzulazula. Lolu hlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi luvumela abagibeli bamanzi ukuphatha imizila, ukuhlonza izingozi, kanye nokuhamba ngokuphepha nangokusebenza kahle.
c. I-AIS (Uhlelo Lokuhlonza Okuzenzakalelayo)
I-AIS uhlelo lokulandelela oluzenzakalelayo oluvumela imikhumbi ukuthi yabelane ngolwazi olufana nobunikazi bayo, indawo, isivinini, kanye nendlela yayo neminye imikhumbi neziteshi zasogwini. Le nzuzo inganciphisa ingozi yokushayisana, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinethrafikhi enkulu yolwandle.
4. Ukuzulazula Okungaqondile
Ukuzulazula okungenantambo kuyindlela yokuzulazula esebenzisa ama-accelerometer nama-gyroscope ukunquma indawo yomkhumbi, ukuya kwawo, kanye nesivinini ngaphandle kwesidingo sezimpawu zangaphandle. Nakuba kubiza kakhulu futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi, lolu hlelo luwusizo kakhulu ezimweni lapho izimpawu ze-GPS zingathembeki, njengangaphansi kwamanzi noma ezindaweni ezinesiphazamiso esikhulu sezimpawu.
a. INS (Uhlelo Lokuzulazula Olungenantambo)
I-INS isebenzisa izinzwa ze-inertial ukukala izinguquko ngesivinini kanye nesiqondiso. Uhlelo bese luhlanganisa le datha ukuze lunqume indawo yomkhumbi. Ngokuvamile, ukuzulazula kwe-inertial kusetshenziswa kanye ne-GPS ukuthuthukisa ukunemba nokuthembeka.
b. Izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwe-INS
Inzuzo eyinhloko ye-INS yikhono layo lokusebenza ngokuzimela ngaphandle kokuthembela ezimpawini zangaphandle, okwenza kube usizo ikakhulukazi ezimweni zemvelo ezinzima. Kodwa-ke, amaphutha amancane ekulinganisweni anganqwabelana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke i-INS ivame ukudinga ukulungiswa njalo kweminye imithombo yokuzulazula njenge-GPS.
5. Okuhlangenwe nakho Komkhumbi Wezikebhe Nokuqonda Kwawo
Ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe, ikhono nolwazi lwabasolwandle luhlala luyizinto ezibalulekile ekuqondiseni imikhumbi. Abasolwandle abanolwazi bavame ukuba nolwazi olujulile ngezimo zendawo, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, imisinga yolwandle, kanye namaphethini ezinkanyezi ubuchwepheshe obungenakuzithatha indawo.
a. Ukufundwa Kwesimo Sezulu
Ukufunda isimo sezulu kuyikhono elibalulekile kumatilosi anolwazi. Ngokuqonda amaphethini omoya, amafu, namagagasi, bangenza izinqumo ezibalulekile mayelana nemizila yokuhamba ngomkhumbi kanye nesikhathi.
b. Ukuqonda Imisinga Namagagasi
Ulwazi lokufunda imisinga yolwandle namagagasi lusiza amatilosi ukuthi athuthukise uhambo lwawo. Ukuqonda ukuthi imisinga namagagasi athinta kanjani umkhumbi kungaholela ekongeni uphethiloli nesikhathi.
c. Ukuqonda Kokuzulazula
Ukuqonda okwakhelwe eminyakeni edlule nakho kungadlala indima ebalulekile. Lapho ubuchwepheshe buhluleka noma buhlinzeka ngemininingwane edidayo, ukuqonda komatilosi ngokuvamile kuyasindisa impilo.
6. Ukuqeqeshwa kanye Nemfundo
Ukuqeqeshwa okwanele kanye nemfundo kuyisisekelo sokuthuthukisa amakhono okuhamba ngesikebhe. Izikole zokuhamba ngesikebhe, ukuqeqeshwa kokuhamba ngesikebhe, kanye nesitifiketi kuyizinto ezibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abagibeli basolwandle banolwazi namakhono adingekayo.
a. Isikole Sokuhamba Ngesikebhe
Izikole zasemanzini zinikeza imfundo esemthethweni ehlanganisa kokubili inkolelo-mbono kanye nomkhuba wokuzulazula. Lapho, abafundi bafunda ngamasu ahlukahlukene okuzulazula, ukusetshenziswa kwemishini, kanye nokusabela eziphuthumayo.
b. Isitifiketi kanye nokuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo
Isitifiketi kanye nokuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi abagibeli basolwandle bahlala benolwazi lwakamuva ngobuchwepheshe nezindlela zakamuva. Amazwe amaningi adinga isitifiketi ukuze alondoloze amazinga okuphepha.
c. Ukuzivocavoca Okusebenzayo
Ukuzivocavoca olwandle kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqeqeshwa. Kuvumela amatilosi ukuthi asebenzise ulwazi alufundile endaweni yangempela, aqinise amakhono awo ngokusebenzisa ulwazi olusebenzayo.
Isiphetho
Ukuzulazula olwandle okuphumelelayo kuyinhlanganisela yamasu ahlukahlukene, amathuluzi, nolwazi. Kusukela ezindleleni ezivamile njengokuzulazula kwezinkanyezi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhampasi kazibuthe kuya kubuchwepheshe besimanje njenge-GPS kanye nezinhlelo zokuzulazula ezingenayo i-inertial, inqubo ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo. Kodwa-ke, okubaluleke kakhulu ikhono lomatilosi lokuhlanganisa lonke lolu lwazi nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokusekelwe esimweni esikhona. Ngakho-ke, imfundo, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kuyizinsika ezibalulekile zokuzulazula olwandle okuphumelelayo nokuphephile.
