Amasu Ayisisekelo Okugwema Ukungqubuzana Olwandle
Ukuphepha kokuhamba ngomkhumbi akunqunywa nje kuphela ngesimo somkhumbi kanye nesimo sezulu, kodwa futhi nekhono labasebenzi lokuqonda nokusebenzisa amasu ayisisekelo okugwema ukungqubuzana olwandle. Ukungqubuzana kungenzeka ngenxa yezici ezahlukene: ukubonakala okulinganiselwe, ukunganaki ekuqapheni, ukuchazwa kabi kokunyakaza komunye umkhumbi, kanye nokuxhumana okungekuhle. Ezweni lasolwandle, ukuvimbela ukungqubuzana akuyona nje indaba "yokuqapha," kodwa kunalokho kuyisifundo esinamathela emithethweni yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinqubo zokuzulazula eziqinisekisiwe. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngamasu ayisisekelo angasetshenziswa ukunciphisa ingozi yokungqubuzana, kungaba yimikhumbi yokuhweba, imikhumbi yokudoba, noma imikhumbi emincane yokuzijabulisa.
1. Qonda Izimiso ze-COLREGs (Imithetho Yokuvimbela Ukungqubuzana)
Amasu okugwema ukungqubuzana kumele aqale ngokuqonda imithetho eyinhloko esebenza emhlabeni wonke, okungukuthi ama-COLREG (Imithethonqubo Yomhlaba Wonke Yokuvimbela Ukungqubuzana Olwandle). Le mithetho ilawula ukuthi ubani okumele "anikeze indlela" (isikebhe esinikezela indlela) nokuthi ubani okumele "agcine indlela/isivinini" (isikebhe esimayo) ezimweni ezahlukene zokuhlangana nomkhumbi.
Ngokuvamile, izimo ezivame ukwenzeka yilezi:
– Iqonde ngqo (ibhekene): imikhumbi yomibili kufanele ishintshe indlela iye ebhodini eliphambili ukuze idlulele komunye nomunye isuka komunye iye komunye.
– Ukuwela: umkhumbi obona omunye umkhumbi ohlangothini lwe-starboard uvame ukuphoqeleka ukuba ushiye indlela.
– Ukudlula: umkhumbi odlulayo kumele udedele indlela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umkhumbi udlula endaweni enjani.
Ukuqonda le mithetho kubalulekile ukuvimbela izinqumo ukuthi zingabi zimbi kakhulu isimo. Izingozi eziningi zenzeka ngenxa yokucabanga okuyiphutha kokuthi "omunye umkhumbi kumele avume," kuyilapho imithetho isho okuhlukile.
2. Ukugcina Ukuqapha Okuphumelelayo
Ukuqaphela okuphumelelayo kuyisisekelo sokuvimbela ukungqubuzana. I-Lookout ayigcini nje ngokubona, kodwa futhi imayelana nokuthola izingozi ezingaba khona ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka nokuqonda ukubaluleka kwazo.
Ezinye izimiso eziyisisekelo zokubuka:
– Yenza ukubonwa njalo, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni ongaphambili womkhumbi kanye nendlela ohamba ngayo izimoto.
– Sebenzisa ukuzwa kwakho ukuthola imisindo yenjini, ama-horn, noma izimpawu zenkungu.
– Sebenzisa izinsiza ezifana nama-binoculars futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ingilazi yefasitela lebhuloho ihlanzekile ukuze kuncishiswe izindawo ezingaboni.
– Qinisekisa ukuthi ukuqaphela kwenziwa njalo, kungaphazanyiswa eminye imisebenzi efana nokusebenzisa ifoni, ukuxoxa, noma umsebenzi wokuphatha.
Iphutha elivamile ukuthembela ngokuphelele ku-radar. I-radar iyasiza, kodwa isadinga ukuchazwa kahle futhi ayisebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi ezintweni ezincane noma ezinqwabelanayo.
3. Ukuhlola Ingozi Yokushayisana: i-CPA kanye ne-TCPA
Ekusebenziseni ukuzulazula, ingozi yokushayisana ivame ukuhlolwa kusetshenziswa umqondo walokhu:
– I-CPA (Indawo Eseduze Kakhulu Yokusondela): ibanga eliseduze kakhulu elizokwenzeka phakathi kwemikhumbi emibili uma yomibili igcina umzila kanye nesivinini.
– I-TCPA (Isikhathi Sokusondela Esiseduze): isikhathi sokufinyelela iphuzu le-CPA.
Uma i-CPA iphansi kakhulu futhi i-TCPA isondela, ingozi yokushayisana iyanda. Emikhumbi yesimanje, i-radar kanye ne-AIS kungasiza ekubaleni i-CPA/TCPA ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kodwa-ke, amalungu eqembu kusadingeka aqonde incazelo yawo:
– I-CPA encane + i-TCPA emfushane = isenzo kumele senziwe ngokushesha.
– I-CPA eyanele kodwa i-TCPA endala = hlala ubukele, ungayeki ukuqapha kwakho.
– Ukuguquguquka kwe-CPA = kungasho ukuthi omunye umkhumbi uyahamba noma idatha ayizinzile.
Lolu hlobo lokuhlola lusiza ekugwemeni ukwesaba okungadingekile futhi lukhuthaza isinyathelo esisheshayo lapho kudingeka.
4. Yenza Amaqhinga Asheshayo, Ngokunquma, Nangokucacile
Esinye sezimiso ezibalulekile ekugwemeni ukushayisana ukuthatha isinyathelo kusenesikhathi. Ukunyakaza okungazelelwe kuzodida eminye imikhumbi futhi kwenze isimo sibe nzima nakakhulu.
Izici zokuqondisa okuhle:
– Kusenesikhathi: ungalindi kuze kube yilapho ibanga seliseduze kakhulu.
– Okunqumayo: ushintsho endleleni noma isivinini esikhulu ngokwanele ukuba sibonakale ngokucacile ku-radar/ebonakalayo.
– Ukunyakaza okucacile: okungaphindaphindi (okugobile) okwenza ukubikezela kube nzima.
Isibonelo, uma udinga ukuyeka, ushintsho olukhulu lwendlela eya ebhodini eliphambili luvame ukuqondwa kalula eminye imikhumbi kunoshintsho oluncane, olungabonakali kalula.
5. Setha Isivinini Esiphephile
Isivinini esiphephile asigcini nje ngokusebenza kahle kwenjini, kodwa futhi nekhono lomkhumbi lokuma, ukuqondisa, nokusabela ezingozini ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezikhona. Izici ezithonya isivinini esiphephile zifaka:
– ukubonakala (inkungu, imvula enkulu, ubusuku),
- ukuminyana kwethrafikhi,
- ukukwazi ukuqondisa umkhumbi,
- izimo zamagagasi kanye nezamanje,
- amakhono e-radar kanye nolwazi lomsebenzisi.
Ezimweni eziminyene noma ezingabonakali kahle, ukunciphisa isivinini ngokuvamile kuyisinqumo esihlakaniphile kakhulu. Isivinini esikhulu sinciphisa isikhathi sokusabela futhi sandisa ibanga lokuma.
6. Ukusebenzisa i-Radar ne-AIS Ngokufanele
I-radar kanye ne-AIS (Uhlelo Lokuhlonza Okuzenzakalelayo) amathuluzi abalulekile okuthola nokuhlonza eminye imikhumbi. Kodwa-ke, inqubo eyisisekelo ukusebenzisa la mathuluzi njengokwengeza, hhayi ukufaka esikhundleni sokubuka okubonakalayo.
Amathiphu okusebenzisa i-radar/AIS:
- Lungisa ububanzi be-radar ukuze ubuke izithombe ezikude neziseduze ngokushintshana.
- Sebenzisa ukulandelela okuqondiwe ukuze uqaphe i-CPA/TCPA.
– Qaphela “izinhloso ezincane” njengezikebhe zokudoba ezingenayo i-AIS noma izikebhe zokhuni ezinezibukiso ze-radar ezibuthakathaka.
– Ungabeki ukholo olukhulu kudatha ye-AIS uma kubonakala kungenangqondo; kungaba iphutha lokufaka noma ukuphazamiseka.
Abaqhubi be-radar kumele baqeqeshwe ukufunda umsindo, imfucuza (amagagasi/imvula), futhi baqaphele umehluko phakathi kokubonakaliswa komhlaba kanye nokwemikhumbi.
7. Ukuqonda Izibani Zokuzulazula Nezimo Zomkhumbi
Ebusuku noma ezimweni zokubonakala okulinganiselwe, izibani zokuzulazula ziba yindlela eyinhloko yokuxhumana phakathi kwemikhumbi. Ukuqaphela lezi zibani kusho ukukwazi ukuhumusha:
– indlela eya komunye umkhumbi,
– uhlobo lomkhumbi (umkhumbi ohamba ngomkhumbi, umkhumbi onenjini, umkhumbi onokuqondisisa okulinganiselwe),
– imisebenzi ethile (isib. isikebhe siyadoba).
Ngaphezu kwezibani, emini, kunezimo (izimo zasemini) ezifana nezimbulunga, amakhoni, noma amasilinda anikeza ulwazi ngesimo somkhumbi. Ukungaziboni kahle izibani kuvame ukuholela emikhunjini ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingalungile lapho iwela noma idlula imikhumbi.
8. Ukuxhumana Okufanele kanye Nokuziphatha Komsakazo
Umsakazo we-VHF ungasiza ekucaciseni izinhloso zokuqondisa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi noma ezindaweni ezivalekile. Kodwa-ke, ukuxhumana kumele kube nokuqondiswa:
– sebenzisa iziteshi ezifanele,
– chaza ngokucacile ukuthi umkhumbi ungubani nokuthi umi kuphi,
– vumelana ngesinyathelo okufanele sithathwe kafushane (isib. “Ngizoshintsha indlela ibe yibhodi lezinkanyezi”),
– ungabi nezimpikiswano ezinde ezichitha isikhathi.
Sicela ukhumbule: ukuxhumana akuthathi indawo yama-COLREG. Uma ukuxhumana kwehluleka noma kungaphenduli, qhubeka nokuthatha isinyathelo sokugwema ngokuvumelana nemithetho nezimiso zokuphepha.
9. Ukulindela Izimo Ezikhethekile: Inkungu, Imifula, kanye ne-TSS
Ezinye izimo zidinga ukuqapha okwengeziwe:
– Ukubonakala kwenkungu/okuphansi: nciphisa isivinini, izimpawu zenkungu zomsindo ngokwemithethonqubo, sebenzisa i-radar ngenkuthalo, wandise ukuqaphela.
– Imisele/imifula emincane: imikhumbi okunzima ukuyiqondisa ivame ukuba yiyona ehamba phambili; gcina indawo ephephile futhi ulandele izimpawu.
– Uhlelo Lokuhlukanisa Ithrafikhi (TSS): landela umzila, unganqumi ngokungakhethi, bese uwela nge-engeli ephephile.
Amaphutha okungena emzileni we-TSS noma ukusika ithrafikhi ngaphandle kokubala yizimbangela ezivamile zezehlakalo.
10. Imikhuba Emihle: Ukuqaphela, Ukufingqa, Nokuzijwayeza
Amasu ayisisekelo ngeke asebenze ngaphandle kwemikhuba yokusebenza eqhubekayo. Eminye imikhuba ebalulekile:
– beka isimiso somsebenzi esifanele ukuze izikhulu zingakhathali,
– qhuba inkomfa emfushane ngaphambi kokungena endaweni ematasa,
– yenza izivivinyo zokusingatha izimo zokushayisana okuhlanganisa nezinqubo eziphuthumayo,
- qopha imicimbi ebalulekile kanye nezinqumo zokuzulazula encwadini yokubhalisa.
Ukukhathala kuyisitha esikhulu sokuqapha. Izingozi eziningi azibangelwa ukuntuleka kwemishini, kodwa ngenxa yokungagxili kahle.
Isiphetho
Ukugwema ukungqubuzana olwandle kuyinhlanganisela yokuhambisana nemithethonqubo, ukufunda isimo ngobuchule, ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okuhamba, ukuxhumana okufanele, kanye nokuqapha. Amasu ayisisekelo njengokuqonda ama-COLREG, ukugcina ukuqapha, ukuhlola i-CPA/TCPA, ukuqondisa kusenesikhathi nangokunquma, ukugcina isivinini esiphephile, kanye nokusebenzisa kahle i-radar/AIS kuzonciphisa kakhulu ingozi yesigameko. Ekugcineni, ukuhamba okuphephile kuwumphumela wokwenza izinqumo ezifanele ngomzuzu nomzuzu—futhi lezo zinqumo zingenziwa kuphela uma abasebenzi beqaphile, beqeqeshwe kahle, futhi belandela izinqubo ezifanele.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe yinguqulo yobuchwepheshe kakhulu (yabasebenzi be-deck/nautical) noma inguqulo elula (yabanikazi bezikebhe ezincane nabadobi), egcwele izibonelo zokuwela, ukudlula, kanye nezimo zokubhekana ngqo.
