Isayensi

Incazelo Yokubilisa

Ukubilisa inqubo yokushintsha isimo soketshezi sibe yisimo segesi. Ukubilisa kwenzeka lapho ingcindezi yomhwamuko ogcwele ilingana nengcindezi yomoya wangaphandle (ingcindezi yomoya wangaphandle = ingcindezi yomoya). Kulesi senzakalo sizoxoxa ngamanzi abilayo kuphela. Ingcindezi yomhwamuko ogcwele wamanzi ilingana ngqo nezinga lokushisa lamanzi, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi liphakeme, kulapho ingcindezi yomhwamuko ogcwele wamanzi iba nkulu khona. Uma sifudumeza amanzi, amabhamuza amancane avame ukuvela phansi kwesitsha. Ukuba khona kwamabhamuza kubonisa ushintsho kusuka koketshezi kuya kugesi. Uma ingcindezi yomhwamuko ogcwele ebhamuza ingaphansi kwengcindezi yomoya wangaphandle, ibhamuza lizoncipha futhi liwe ngaphambi kokufika ebusweni. Ibhamuza liyawa ngoba amandla okusunduza omoya wangaphandle makhulu kunamandla okusunduza umusi ngaphakathi kwebhamuza. Ingcindezi yomoya wangaphandle mkhulu kunomfutho womoya ebhamuza, ngakho umoya wangaphandle unamandla amakhulu (P = F/A).

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Ithiyori yeKinetic

Inqubo yokuhwamuka ingachazwa kusetshenziswa i-kinetic theory. Njengama-molecule egesi, ama-molecule amanzi nawo ayahamba. Umehluko ukuthi ama-molecule amanzi awakwazi ukwahlukana ngoba amandla akhangayo phakathi kwawo asakwazi ukuwabamba ndawonye. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-molecule egesi abuthakathaka kakhulu, ngakho-ke ama-molecule egesi awakwazi ukunamathelana. Lapho ehamba, ama-molecule amanzi anejubane. Amanye ama-molecule amanzi anejubane eliphezulu, kanti amanye anejubane eliphansi. Ukusatshalaliswa kwejubane lama-molecule amanzi kufana nokusatshalaliswa kwe-Maxwell.

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Izibonelo ezingama-23 zemibuzo ye-transformer Ama-Transformer

1. I-transformer inamakhoyili ayinhloko nawesibili anamajika angu-500 kanye no-5000 ngokulandelana, axhunywe kunethiwekhi yamanje eshintshanayo engu-220 V. Iyini i -voltage yokuphuma?

A. 220 volts

Ama-volts angu-B. 1.100

Ama-volt angu-C. 2.200

D. 22.000 volts

Ingxoxo

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UVan der Waals yigama lesazi sefiziksi saseDashi, uJ.D. van der Waals (1837–1923). I-van der Waals equation of state empeleni iyi-gas equation of state, efana ne -gas equation of state efanele . Umehluko ukuthi i-gas equation efanele ayikwazi ukunikeza imiphumela enembile uma ingcindezi kanye nobuningi begesi yangempela kukhulu ngokwanele. Nokho, i-van der Waals equation of state inganikeza imiphumela enembe kakhudlwana.

Lesi sibalo saqala ngoVan der Waals, owaqaphela ukulinganiselwa kwesilinganiso segesi esifanele sesimo. UWaals ushintshe isilinganiso segesi esifanele sesimo ngokungeza izici eziningana ezithonya isimo segesi yangempela lapho ingcindezi kanye nobuningi begesi yangempela kuphakeme ngokwanele.

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Izinguquko Zezinto Ezibonakalayo Esimweni Sokushisa Okubalulekile Amaphuzu Amathathu

Engxoxweni yomthetho wegesi ofanele, kwachazwa ukuthi umthetho wegesi ofanele uchaza ngokunembile ukuziphatha kwegesi yangempela kuphela uma ingcindezi kanye nobuningi begesi yangempela kungaphakeme kakhulu. Uma ingcindezi kanye nobuningi begesi yangempela kukhulu ngokwanele, umthetho wegesi ofanele uveza imiphumela enganembile. Lokhu kuyiqiniso nalapho izinga lokushisa legesi yangempela lisondela ezingeni lalo lokubila.

Lokhu empeleni kuhlobene nokusebenzisana okwenzeka phakathi kwama-molecule egesi langempela. Umfutho wegesi ulingana ngokuphambene nomthamo wegesi. Uma umfutho wegesi uphakeme ngokwanele, umthamo wegesi uba mncane. Ngenxa yokuthi umthamo wegesi mncane, ibanga eliphakathi kwama-molecule egesi liyasondela. Uma ibanga eliphakathi kwama-molecule liseduze, ama-molecule ayadonselana. Kufana nalapho uletha ucezu lwensimbi eduze komazibuthe. Uma ibanga eliphakathi komazibuthe nensimbi lide ngokwanele, umazibuthe awukwazi ukudonsela insimbi. Kodwa uma ibanga eliphakathi komazibuthe nensimbi liseduze, insimbi iyadonswa eduze.

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I-Atomic Theory kanye ne-Kinetic Theory Material

Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, amaGreki asendulo ayekholelwa ukuthi yonke into emsulwa (isib. igolide elihlanzekile, insimbi emsulwa 😉, njll.) yayakhiwe ngama-athomu. Ngokusho kwawo, uma into emsulwa yayinqunywa ibe yizicucu ezincane, khona-ke lezo zicucu ezincane zazinqunywa futhi, bese zinqunywa futhi… njalo njalo, kwakuzoba nengxenye encane kakhulu eyayingenakunqunywa kakhulu. Ingxenye encane kakhulu eyayingenakunqunywa kakhulu yayibizwa ngokuthi i -athomu. I-athomu isho ukuthi “ayinakuhlukaniswa” (ngesiGreki).

Ngaleso sikhathi , ama-athomu kwakucatshangwa ukuthi awahlukaniseki. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi kamuva bathola ama-electron nama-nuclei e-athomu (ama-proton nama-neutron), ngaleyo ndlela bephikisa umbono wokuthi ama-athomu awahlukaniseki . Ama-athomu akhiwa ama-electron (ashajelwe kabi) kanye ne-nucleus. Ama-electron azungeza i-nucleus. Ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus kukhona ama-proton (ashajelwe kahle) nama-neutron (angathathi hlangothi, okusho ukuthi awanayo i-charge).

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Izinto Ezibalulekile Izinhlobo zezinto (ezisekelwe ezimpahleni ezincane kakhulu)

Empilweni yansuku zonke, sivame ukuhlangana nezinhlobo ezintathu ezahlukene zezinto. Kukhona izinto eziqinile (isibonelo, amatshe, insimbi, njll. ) , uketshezi (amanzi, uphethiloli, njll. ) , kanye namagesi (umoya, njll. ) . Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zezinto zingahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekhonweni lazo lokugcina isimo nobukhulu bazo (ngosayizi, sisho ivolumu).

Izinto eziqinile zivame ukugcina isimo nomthamo ozinzile. Izinto ezimanzi azigcini isimo esizinzile, kodwa zilungisa isimo sazo esitsheni ezikuso. Isibonelo, uma sifaka amanzi engilazini, isimo sawo siyashintsha sibe sengilazini. Uma amanzi efakwa ebhavinini, isimo sawo siyashintsha sibe sebhavinini. Uma efakwa esikhwameni sepulasitiki esivuzayo, amanzi azochitheka... yena ... Umthamo woketshezi uvame ukuhlala ungaguquki. Uma ingilazi yamanzi ifakwa ebhavinini , umthamo wamanzi uhlala ufana nengilazi. Isimo samanzi singashintsha , kodwa umthamo wawo awushintshi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umthamo wezinto eziqinile noketshezi ungashintsha kuphela uma kusetshenziswa amandla amakhulu kakhulu.

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Ukusetshenziswa kwesimiso kanye nesibalo sikaBernoulli

Ithiyori kaTorriceli

Okunye ukusetshenziswa kwe-equation kaBernoulli ukubala isivinini soketshezi oluphuma phansi kwesitsha.

Sisebenzisa i-equation kaBernoulli ephuzwini 1 (ubuso besitsha) kanye nephuzu 2 (ubuso bomgodi). Njengoba ububanzi bomgodi ongaphansi kwesitsha buncane kakhulu kunobubanzi besitsha, ijubane loketshezi ebusweni besitsha licatshangwa ukuthi liyi-zero (v ₁ = 0). Ubuso besitsha kanye nobuso bomgodi kuvulekile ukuze ingcindezi ilingane nengcindezi yomoya (P ₁ = P ₂ ). Ngakho-ke, i-equation kaBernoulli yalesi simo ithi:

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Izinto Eziyisisekelo Nezibalo ZikaBernoulli

Uma sigibela isithuthuthu ngokushesha okukhulu, izingubo esizigqokayo ziyakhukhumala ngemuva. Uma ungakwazi ukugibela isithuthuthu okwamanje, naka abazali bakho noma abangani bakho abagibela izithuthuthu. Ingemuva lezingubo zabo livame ukukhukhumala ngemuva uma isithuthuthu sihamba ngesivinini. Ngezinye izikhathi uma umoya uvunguza ngamandla, umnyango wendlu ungazivala wodwa. Ngisho noma umoya uvunguza ngaphandle kwendlu, kuyilapho umnyango ungaphakathi endlini.

Lokhu kungachazwa kusetshenziswa isimiso sikaBernoulli. UDaniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) wathola isimiso esingasetshenziswa ukuchaza ezinye zezinto ezingenhla.

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Izinto Zokulinganisa Okuqhubekayo

Zama ukuvula impompi yamanzi kancane ngenkathi ubheka ukugeleza kwamanzi ephuma empompini. Uma impompi isiyekile ukujika, vala impompi kancane ngesandla sakho. Manje qhathanisa ukuthi yikuphi ukugeleza kwamanzi okukhulu. Uma kuvaliwe noma kuvuliwe kancane? Uma unepayipi elivame ukusetshenziselwa ukunisela izimbali, vumela amanzi ageleze kulo. Vimba ipayipi kancane ngesandla noma ngomunwe wakho. Uma ingxenye enkulu yepayipi ivaliwe, kulapho amanzi azogeleza khona ngokushesha. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma ipayipi lingavaliwe, amanzi azogeleza ngokushesha. Kungani kunjalo? Ukuze uqonde lokhu, sicela ufunde i-continuity equation.

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