Indlela Uhlelo Lokuqala Nokumisa Injini Olusebenza Ngayo
Uhlelo lokumisa injini luwubuchwepheshe obutholakala ezimotweni zesimanje obucisha injini ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho imoto imiswa okwesikhashana—isibonelo, esibanini esibomvu noma esiminyaminyeni sezimoto—bese buyiqala kabusha lapho umshayeli eselungele ukuhamba. Inhloso yalo eyinhloko ilula: ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nokukhishwa komoya ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa induduzo yokushayela. Nakuba kungase kubonakale sengathi injini iyacisha ngokuzenzakalelayo, lolu hlelo empeleni lusebenza nezinzwa eziningi, ikhompyutha (ECU), kanye nezingxenye zikagesi eziklanyelwe ngqo ukuqinisekisa inqubo yokumisa imoto ebushelelezi, esheshayo, nephephile.
Kungani Kwadalwa I-Start-Stop?
Ezimweni zethrafikhi zasemadolobheni, isikhathi esiningi siyachithwa uma injini isebenza ngenkathi imoto isebenza. Ngesikhathi isebenza, injini iyaqhubeka nokushisa uphethiloli ukuze igcine ama-revs amancane, yize ingakhiqizi ibanga. Ngokombono wokusebenza kahle, lokhu kuyachitha. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi bathuthukise izinhlelo zokuqalisa ukuze:
1. Yonga uphethiloli, ikakhulukazi emizileni yokuma nokuhamba.
2. Nciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO₂ kanye nokungcola lapho imoto imile.
3. Nciphisa umsindo ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi.
Ukusebenza kwayo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngesitayela sokushayela kanye nezimo zethrafikhi, kodwa ekusetshenzisweni kwedolobha, ukonga kuvame ukubonakala.
Ukubuka Konke Kokusebenza
Ngokombono, i-start-stop yenza izinto ezintathu:
1. Ithola ukuthi imoto imile futhi kuphephile ukuyicisha injini.
2. Ukuvalwa kwenjini okulawulwayo (ukugcina izinhlelo ezibalulekile zisebenza).
3. Qala kabusha injini ngokushesha uma umshayeli ekhombisa ukuthi kufanele ihambe.
Ukuze yenze lokho, imoto idinga inhlanganisela yezinzwa, amamojula okulawula, kanye nesistimu yokuqalisa kanye nogesi eqinile kunemoto engenawo umzila wokuqalisa.
Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Kuhlelo Lokuqala Nokuma
1. I-ECU/BCM kanye ne-Start-Stop Module
Ubuchopho bohlelo yi-ECU (Iyunithi Yokulawula Injini), esebenza ngokubambisana ne-body module (BCM) futhi ngezinye izikhathi iyunithi yokuqalisa ezinikele. Le module icubungula izimpawu ezivela ezinzwa ukuze inqume ukuthi icishe nini injini nokuthi iyiqale kabusha nini.
2. Izinzwa Eziqapha Izimo
Ukuze kuphephe futhi kududuzeke, uhlelo luqapha amapharamitha amaningi, okuhlanganisa:
– Isivinini semoto (kumele sibe yi-0 km/h noma cishe sibe yi-0).
– Indawo yephedali yebhuleki kanye nephedali ye-clutch (yokwenziwa ngesandla) noma indawo ye-gear lever (yokwenza okuzenzakalelayo).
– I-engeli yesiteringi (izindlela zokupaka zivame ukuvimbela ukuqala nokuma ukuthi kungangeni).
– Izinga lokushisa lenjini kanye nezinga lokushisa elizungezile (izinjini ezibandayo azivami ukucima).
– Izidingo zomthwalo we-AC kanye nekhabhini (uma i-compressor kanye nokupholisa kudinga injini, uhlelo lungenqaba ukuma).
– Isimo sebhethri (Isimo Sokushaja/SoC, i-voltage, izinga lokushisa lebhethri).
– Isimo se-vacuum yebhuleki noma umfutho we-booster (kumele kube ngokwanele ukuze kube nokuphepha kokubhuleka).
– Ukuvuselelwa kwe-DPF/izinhlayiya (kudizili, i-start-stop ingavinjelwa ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa kwesihlungi).
Iphuzu elibalulekile: injini icishwa kuphela uma zonke izidingo zokuphepha nenduduzo zihlangatshezwa.
3. Ibhethri Elikhethekile: EFB noma i-AGM
Izimoto eziqalayo ngokuvamile zisebenzisa amabhethri e-EFB (Enhanced Flooded Battery) noma i-AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat), ngoba:
– Imelana kakhulu nemijikelezo yokushaja nokukhipha amandla ephindaphindwayo.
– Iyakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngamaza amakhulu eziqalisi eziningi.
– Kuzinzile kakhulu ngaphansi kwemithwalo kagesi ephezulu (izibani, ama-blower, izinhlelo zokuzijabulisa).
Ezimotweni eziningi, kukhona nenzwa yebhethri (i-IBS/Intelligent Battery Sensor) ku-negative terminal ukuze iqaphe ngokunembile ugesi, i-voltage, kanye nokushisa.
4. Injini Yokuqala Ehlala Isikhathi Eside (noma Ehlukile)
Kunezindlela ezimbili ezijwayelekile:
– Isiqalisi esivamile esiqinisiwe: injini yesiqalisi, i-solenoid, namagiya aklanyelwe ukuqina kakhulu ngoba imvamisa yokuqala ivame kakhulu.
– I-Integrated Starter Generator (ISG)/BSG kuma-mild-hybrids: isebenzisa i-motor-generator exhunywe ngebhande noma ngqo enjinini ukuze iqale kahle futhi isheshe. Lokhu kuvamile ezimotweni ezingama-48V.
5. Ukuphathwa Kwe-Alternator kanye Namandla
Izinhlelo zokumisa ugesi zivame ukuba nesu lokuphatha amandla: i-alternator ayimane nje ishaje ibhethri njalo, kodwa ilungisa ukushaja ukuze kusebenze kahle. Kwamanye amamodeli, ukushaja kuyandiswa ngesikhathi sokunciphisa ijubane (okufana nokushaja okuvuselelayo) ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla avame ukumoshwa.
Ukulandelana Komsebenzi Lapho Umshini Ucinywa Ngokuzenzakalelayo
Ake sithathe imoto yokudlulisela okuzenzakalelayo isibonelo:
1. Imoto yehlisa ijubane yaze yama ngokuphelele.
2. Umshayeli ubamba i-brake pedal, i-gearbox lever iku-D.
3. I-ECU ihlola izimo: izinga lokushisa lenjini lanele, ibhethri lanele, i-AC ayidingi injini, hhayi ukupaka/ukuhamba okubukhali, njll.
4. Uma konke kuphephile, i-ECU iyanqamula ukujova kanye nokusha (kuphethiloli) noma ukujova (kudizili), bese injini iyama.
5. Uhlelo lukagesi luhlala lusebenza: izibani, iyunithi yekhanda, ama-wiper, kanye ne-blower (kuye ngokuthi umenzi wesu) kusasebenza ngebhethri. Ezinye izimoto zingase zibe nephampu kagesi eyengeziwe (isb., iphampu yamanzi kagesi) ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa.
Kuma-transmission asetshenziswa ngesandla, injini ivame ukuvala lapho imoto ima, i-transmission ayithathi hlangothi, futhi i-clutch pedal iyakhishwa (kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwayo luyini).
Iqala Kanjani Injini?
Injini izoqala kabusha uma uhlelo lufunda ukuthi “inhloso yokusebenza”, isibonelo:
– Okuzenzakalelayo: umshayeli ukhulula iphedali yebhuleki noma ucindezela iphedali yegesi.
– Ngesandla: umshayeli ucindezela i-clutch pedal ukuze abambe igiya.
Ngaleso sikhathi:
1. I-ECU isebenzisa i-starter (noma i-ISG kuma-mild-hybrids).
2. Umjovo kanye nokushisa kulungiswa ngokushesha okukhulu.
3. Injini iyaqala futhi izinze lapho ingasebenzi—ngokuvamile ngaphansi komzuzwana ohlelweni oluhle.
4. Imoto isilungele ukuhamba.
Ezinhlelweni zesimanje, kwenziwa amapharamitha amaningana njengesikhundla se-crank kanye necebo lokumisa injini ukuze ukuqala okulandelayo kusheshe futhi kube nokudlidliza okuncane.
Kungani i-Start-Stop Ngezinye izikhathi ingasebenzi?
Abashayeli bavame ukubuza, “Kungani injini ingacimi?” Izizathu zivame ukuba lula, isibonelo:
– Ibhethri elibuthakathaka noma i-SoC enganele.
– Injini ayikafiki ezingeni lokushisa lokusebenza.
– I-AC isebenza kanzima (ikhabhini elishisayo, ukususwa kwenkungu kuyasebenza).
– Isiteringi sijikisiwe kakhulu (kubonisa ukujika).
– Imoto ima endaweni eqondile futhi uhlelo luhlala luqinile.
– Umnyango awuvaliwe kahle, ibhande lesihlalo aliboshiwe (kwezinye izinhlobo).
– Uhlelo luhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kwezingxenye ezithile.
Ezinye izimoto zinikeza nenkinobho yokucisha i-start-stop ngesandla.
Umthelela Ekududuzekeni Nokuqina Kwezingxenye
Lobu buchwepheshe buklanyelwe ukuba buphephe enjinini, kodwa benza ezinye izingxenye zisebenze kanzima:
– Ibhethri: liyaguga ngokushesha uma lingahlangabezani nezimfuneko noma livame ukusetshenziswa emabangeni amafushane.
– Isiqalo: sisetshenziswa kaningi; ngakho-ke imininingwane yaso iyaqiniswa.
– Ukufaka kanye ne-NVH (ukudlidliza): abakhiqizi banezela ama-dampers namasu okulawula ukuze ukuvala kungaphazamisi.
Uma ibhethri lishintshwa ngohlobo olujwayelekile (hhayi i-EFB/AGM) emotweni yokumisa isiqalo, kuvame ukuvela izinkinga: isiqalo-sokuyeka asivami ukusebenza, i-voltage yehla, noma isixwayiso sivela kudeshibhodi.
Isiphetho
Uhlelo lokuqalisa injini lusebenza ngokuhlanganisa izinzwa, i-ECU, i-starter/ISG, kanye nebhethri elizinikele ukuvala injini ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho imoto imisiwe bese uyiqala kabusha lapho umshayeli eselungele ukuhamba. Lolu hlelo alumane nje "lucime injini," kodwa kunalokho lwenza izinqumo ngokusekelwe ezimweni eziningi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha, induduzo, futhi ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni imisebenzi ebalulekile njengokubhuleka kanye nokupholisa ikhebhini. Ekusetshenzisweni kwedolobha, i-start-stop ingasiza ekongeni uphethiloli futhi inciphise ukukhishwa kwegesi, uma nje uhlelo lukagesi kanye nebhethri kugcinwa ngokwezindinganiso zomkhiqizi.
Uma uthanda, ngingangeza isigaba esikhethekile: umehluko phakathi kwe-start-stop ejwayelekile ne-mild-hybrid 48V, noma amathiphu okulungisa ibhethri ukuze kugcinwe i-start-stop isezingeni eliphezulu.
