Izinhlobo Zedatha Yesimo Sezulu
I-Meteorology igatsha lesayensi elifunda umkhathi kanye nezenzakalo zawo, njengesimo sezulu kanye nesimo sezulu. Idatha yesimo sezulu iqoqwa ukuze kuqondwe izimo zomkhathi, kubikezelwe isimo sezulu, futhi kuboniswe amaphethini esimo sezulu esikhathi eside. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zedatha yesimo sezulu, ngayinye edlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlaziyeni nasekubikezeleni. Ngezansi, sizoxoxa ngezinye zezinhlobo eziyinhloko zedatha yesimo sezulu esetshenziswa ososayensi kanye nezazi zesimo sezulu.
1. Idatha Yokushisa
Izinga lokushisa lingenye yezindlela eziyisisekelo nezivame ukulinganiswa zesimo sezulu. Izinga lokushisa lomoya lilinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-thermometer futhi livame ukuvezwa ngama-degree Celsius (°C) noma i-Fahrenheit (°F). Idatha yezinga lokushisa inganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nesimo sezulu sendawo futhi isetshenziselwa ukubikezela izimo zezulu zansuku zonke. Izinga lokushisa lansuku zonke, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphansi konke kuyingxenye yedatha yezinga lokushisa eqoqwe ocwaningweni lwesimo sezulu.
2. Idatha Yomswakama
Umswakama yinani lomhwamuko wamanzi oqukethwe emoyeni futhi uvame ukulinganiswa njengephesenti. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zomswakama ezivame ukusetshenziswa ku-meteorology: umswakama ohlobene kanye nomswakama ophelele.
– Umswakama ohlobene yisilinganiso esiphakathi komfutho womoya emoyeni kanye nomfutho womoya wamanzi ekushiseni okufanayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezigcwele. Umswakama ohlobene uvezwa njengephesenti (%).
– Umswakama ophelele isisindo somhwamuko wamanzi kuyunithi yomthamo womoya.
Umswakama uyisici esibalulekile enkambisweni yokwakheka kwamafu kanye nemvula futhi kuthinta induduzo yabantu.
3. Idatha Yomoya
Idatha yomoya ifaka ulwazi ngamapharamitha amabili ayinhloko: isivinini somoya kanye nesiqondiso somoya.
– Isivinini somoya silinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-anemometer futhi sichazwa ngamamitha ngomzuzwana (m/s) noma amakhilomitha ngehora (km/h).
– Isiqondiso somoya silinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-weather vane futhi ngokuvamile sibonakala ngamadigri ukusuka enyakatho.
Ukuqonda amaphethini omoya kubalulekile ekuzulazuleni emoyeni nasolwandle, kanye nasekunqumeni amandla omoya.
4. Idatha Yokucindezela Komoya
Umfutho womoya ulinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-barometer futhi uvame ukuvezwa ngama-millibars (mb) noma ama-hectopascals (hPa). Umfutho womoya uyashintsha ngokuphakama, futhi ukuhlukahluka komfutho womoya kungathinta izimo zezulu. Isibonelo, umfutho ophansi uvame ukuhlotshaniswa nesimo sezulu esibi njengesiphepho, kuyilapho umfutho ophezulu uvame ukuhlotshaniswa nesimo sezulu esicacile nesizolile.
5. Idatha Yemvula
Imvula yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lwamanzi emvula awela emkhathini aye ebusweni boMhlaba. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imvula, iqhwa, isichotho, kanye nenkungu. Imvula ilinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-pluviometer noma i-rain gauge futhi ivezwa ngamamilimitha (mm). Idatha yemvula ibalulekile ekuqondeni amaphethini esimo sezulu kanye nokuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi.
6. Idatha Yemisebe Yelanga
Imisebe yelanga amandla akhiqizwa yilanga afinyelela eMhlabeni. Imisebe yelanga ilinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-pyranometer futhi ivezwa ngama-watts ngemitha yesikwele (W/m²). Idatha yemisebe yelanga isetshenziselwa ukunquma izikhathi zokulima ezifanele, ukuhlela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla elanga, kanye nokufunda ngesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke.
7. Ukubonakala kanye nedatha yamafu
Ukubonakala ibanga eliphakeme kakhulu lapho into ingabonakala khona ngokucacile ngaphambi kokuba ifihlwe yinkungu, uthuli, imvula, noma iqhwa. Lilinganiswa kusetshenziswa ithuluzi elibizwa ngokuthi i-visibilimeter. Ukubonakala kubalulekile ezindizeni nasekuzulazuleni.
Idatha yamafu ifaka phakathi ulwazi olufana nohlobo lwamafu, ukuphakama kwesisekelo samafu, kanye nokumbozwa kwamafu (ama-octas). Ukubonwa kwamafu ngesathelayithi noma i-radar nakho kunikeza ulwazi mayelana namathuba emvula nezinye izimo zezulu.
8. Idatha Yezinhlayiya Zomoya
Izinhlayiya ezithwala umoya, noma ama-aerosol, ziyizinhlayiya ezincane ezilenga emoyeni. Lokhu kungafaka uthuli, intuthu, umlotha wentaba-mlilo, kanye nokungcola kwezimboni. Imininingwane ngezinhlayiya ezithwala umoya iqoqwa kusetshenziswa izinzwa zezinhlayiya kanye nabaqoqi be-aerosol. Izinhlayiya ezithwala umoya zinomthelela omkhulu ekhwalithini yomoya, ukubonakala, kanye nempilo yabantu.
9. Idatha Yokungcoliswa Komoya
Ukungcoliswa komoya kuhilela amagesi ayingozi njenge-carbon monoxide (CO), i-sulfur dioxide (SO₂), i-nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), kanye ne-ozone esezingeni lomhlaba (O₃). Izinzwa zegesi namadivayisi okuhlaziya asetshenziswa ukukala amazinga alezi zinto ezihlukahlukene ezingcolisayo. Idatha yokungcoliswa komoya iyasiza ekuqapheni ikhwalithi yomoya kanye nokwenza izinqubomgomo zemvelo.
10. Idatha Yezolwandlekazi
Nakuba ingahlukaniswa ngokuqondile njengedatha yesimo sezulu, idatha ye-oceanographic efana nokushisa kolwandle, imisinga yolwandle, kanye nokuma kolwandle kubaluleke kakhulu. Izehlakalo zesimo sezulu kanye ne-oceanographic ziyathintana, isibonelo, i-El Niño ne-La Niña zithonya amaphethini esimo sezulu somhlaba wonke.
11. Idatha Yesathelayithi
Idatha yesathelayithi inikeza isithombe esiphelele sezimo zomkhathi, zomhlaba, kanye nolwandle kusukela emkhathini. Amasathelayithi esimo sezulu njenge-GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) kanye ne-NOAA ahlinzeka ngezithombe zesikhathi sangempela zobuso boMhlaba, kanye nokubuka izinga lokushisa, ukumbozwa kwamafu, umswakama, kanye namaphethini omoya. Le datha ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqapheni izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esishintshashintshayo njengeziphepho zasezindaweni ezishisayo kanye nemililo yasendle.
12. Idatha yeRadar Yesimo Sezulu
I-radar yesimo sezulu, njenge-NEXRAD e-United States, isetshenziselwa ukuthola imvula, iziphepho, kanye nokuziphatha komoya. I-radar isebenza ngokuthumela amaza omsakazo abonakala emuva yimvula esemkhathini. I-radar ye-Ekko isiza ekubaleni imvula, ukujiya kwamafu, kanye nesivinini kanye nesiqondiso semvula noma iziphepho.
13. Idatha Yesimo Sezulu
Idatha yesimo sezulu yiqoqo lesikhathi eside lamapharamitha omoya afana nokushisa, imvula, nomoya. Le datha isetshenziselwa ukutadisha ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nemikhuba yesikhathi eside ezimweni zezulu. Isibonelo, idatha yokufudumala komhlaba ikhombisa ukuthambekela okwandayo ekushiseni okumaphakathi koMhlaba emashumini eminyaka ambalwa edlule.
14. Idatha Yesayensi Yezimo Zezwe
Nakuba i-seismology igxile kakhulu ekuzamazameni komhlaba, ihlobene futhi ne-meteorology. Ama-seismograph ayakwazi futhi ukubona amagagasi omoya, njengamagagasi okucindezela avela eziphephweni ezinamandla noma ukuqhuma okukhulu okubangela ukushintshashintsha komkhathi.
I-Penutup
Ukuqoqa nokuhlaziya lolu hlobo lwedatha yesimo sezulu kusenza sikwazi ukuqonda kangcono izimo zomkhathi, senze izibikezelo zesimo sezulu ezinembile kakhudlwana, futhi sibonise izitayela zesimo sezulu zesikhathi eside. Lolu lwazi alubalulekile nje kuphela kososayensi kanye nezazi zesimo sezulu, kodwa futhi nasemikhakha efana nezolimo, imboni yamandla, kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kanye nezinsimbi zokulinganisa, singalindela ukuqonda okujulile kanye nezibikezelo ezinembile kakhudlwana zesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu sesikhathi esizayo.
