Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwesimo Sezulu
I-Meteorology yisayensi efunda umkhathi kanye nezenzakalo ezikuwo, okuhlanganisa isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu. Njengomkhakha wokufunda othinta ngqo impilo yansuku zonke, i-meteorology ishintshe kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lesi sihloko sizolandelela intuthuko yomlando ye-meteorology, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuya enkathini yanamuhla.
1. Izinto Zasendulo Nokuqaphelwa Kwasekuqaleni
Okhokho bethu, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, baye babona izimo zezulu ngenxa yethonya lazo kwezolimo nezidingo zansuku zonke. Kodwa-ke, isayensi yezulu njengesayensi yaqala ukubonakala eGrisi lasendulo. Emsebenzini ka-Aristotle, i-"Meteorologica" (340 BC), izimo zasemkhathini ezifana nemvula, umoya, nombani zaxoxwa ngokuhlelekile. U-Aristotle waphinde wethula igama elithi "meteorology," elisuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi "meteoron," elisho "into ethile emoyeni."
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ababukeli abanjengoTheophrastus (372–287 BC), umfundi ka-Aristotle, nabo babhala ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nezinye izenzakalo zomkhathi. Kodwa-ke, ulwazi lwezulu ngalesi sikhathi lwalusathonywa kakhulu yizinganekwane kanye nemibono engeyona eyesayensi.
2. Izikhathi Eziphakathi Nokuvela Kwesayensi
Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, imisebenzi eminingi yesayensi yamaGreki namaRoma yahunyushwa ngesi-Arabhu yizazi zamaSulumane. Omunye wabantu ababalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi yezulu phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakungu-Al-Kindi (801-873), owabhala ngesayensi yezulu emisebenzini eminingana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040), isazi samehlo kanye nesazi sefiziksi, naye wenza iminikelo ebalulekile ekuqondeni izimo zomkhathi.
Nokho, intuthuko enkulu kwezesimo sezulu ayizange yenzeke kwaze kwaba yiRenaissance eYurophu. Ngekhulu le-16, uNicolaus Copernicus noGalileo Galilei baqala ukungabaza nokuphikisa imibono yasendulo. Ngokwesibonelo, uGalileo wadala i-thermometer yokuqala enembile cishe ngo-1603, ithuluzi elaba yinto ebalulekile kamuva ekulinganiseni izinga lokushisa lomoya.
3. Isikhathi Sanamuhla Sokuqala: Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinsimbi Nemibono
Ikhulu le-17 nele-18 labona intuthuko esheshayo kwezesimo sezulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokusungulwa kwezinsimbi zesimo sezulu. U-Evangelista Torricelli, umfundi kaGalileo, wasungula i-mercury barometer ngo-1643. Le barometer yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukukala ingcindezi yomoya, into ebalulekile ekuqondeni izinguquko zesimo sezulu.
ENgilandi, uRobert Hooke noRobert Boyle nabo baba negalelo ku-meteorology ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-barometer kanye ne-thermometer. Ngo-1686, u-Edmond Halley washicilela imephu yomoya ekhombisa amaphethini omoya womhlaba wonke, ebeka isisekelo sokuqonda kwethu kwanamuhla ukujikeleza komoya.
4. Isikhathi Sokwenziwa Kwezinsimbi Nokuqiniswa
Ngekhulu le-19, intuthuko eyengeziwe kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhlelwa kwezilinganiso kwavula indlela yokuthuthuka kwezesimo sezulu. UFrancis Beaufort, isikhulu sezempi saseBrithani, wethula iBeaufort Scale ukuze alinganise amandla omoya ngo-1805. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uLuke Howard, isazi semithi saseBrithani, wadala uhlelo lokuhlukanisa amafu ngo-1802, olusasetshenziswa nanamuhla ngezinguquko ezithile.
I-telegraph, eyasungulwa nguSamuel Morse ngo-1837, yenza kwaba lula ukubikwa kwesimo sezulu ngesikhathi sangempela kusuka ezindaweni eziningi. Ngo-1849, uJoseph Henry weSmithsonian Institution wasungula inethiwekhi yokuqala yokubuka isimo sezulu e-United States, eyaba yisiqalo sezinsizakalo zesimo sezulu zanamuhla.
5. Ukubikezela Isimo Sezulu kanye Nokumodela Komoya
Ikhulu lama-20 laphawula inkathi entsha kwezesimo sezulu ngokwethulwa kwezibikezelo zesimo sezulu ezinembile kakhudlwana. UVilhelm Bjerknes, isazi sefiziksi saseNorway, wayengumuntu obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwethiyori yensimu yangaphambili, echaza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zomoya. Umsebenzi wakhe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 wabeka isisekelo sokubikezela isimo sezulu sanamuhla.
Ngo-1922, uLewis Fry Richardson wasungula indlela yokuqala yezinombolo yokubikezela isimo sezulu esebenzisa izilinganiso ezihlukile. Nakuba le ndlela yayingasebenzi ngaleso sikhathi ngenxa yemikhawulo yekhompyutha, umsebenzi wakhe wabeka isisekelo samamodeli ekhompyutha asetshenziswa namuhla.
IMpi Yezwe II nayo yaba uphawu olubalulekile kwezesimo sezulu. I-radar, eyasungulwa ekuqaleni ngezinjongo zempi, kamuva yasetshenziswa ukuthola amafu kanye nemvula. Ngawo-1950, amakhompyutha aqala ukusetshenziswa ukubikezela isimo sezulu, lapho uJohn von Neumann nethimba lakhe ePrinceton bethuthukisa imodeli yokuqala yesimo sezulu yezinombolo.
6. I-Satellite Meteorology kanye Nesikhathi Sokuhwebelana Komhlaba Wonke
Ngawo-1960, isayensi yezulu yafinyelela ezingeni lomhlaba wonke ngokwethulwa kwesathelayithi yokuqala yesimo sezulu, i-TIROS-1, yi-United States ngo-1960. Lesi sathelayithi sakwazi ukunikeza izithombe zamafu avela esikhaleni, okwavumela ukuqapha isimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amasathelayithi esimo sezulu abe yithuluzi elibalulekile ku-meteorology. Asetshenziswa ukuqoqa idatha ngokushisa, umswakama, ukuhamba komoya, nokuningi. Ngawo-1970, ukuqonda i-El Niño kanye nokunye ukushukuma komkhathi kwanda kakhulu, ngenxa yedatha eqoqwe emhlabeni wonke.
7. Ubuchwepheshe Besimanje Nekusasa Le-Meteorology
Ubuchwepheshe bamakhompyutha obuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu buye bashintsha isayensi yezulu. Amamodeli amanje okubikezela isimo sezulu angabikezela izimo zezulu ngokunemba okuphezulu kuze kube yizinsuku ezimbalwa kusengaphambili. I-National Center for Climate and Weather Prediction (NCEP) e-United States, i-European Meteorological Organisation (ECMWF), kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezahlukahlukene zisebenzisa ama-supercomputer ukusebenzisa amamodeli asemoyeni ayinkimbinkimbi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa zesimanje njenge-LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) kanye ne-Doppler radar zivumela ukutholakala okunembe kakhudlwana kwezehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi njengeziphepho neziphepho.
Isiphetho
Kusukela ekubonweni kwasekuqaleni eGrisi lasendulo kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwama-supercomputer nama-satellite ayinkimbinkimbi, i-meteorology iye yathuthuka isikhathi eside futhi inamandla. Le sayensi ayisisizi nje kuphela ukuqonda isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu kodwa futhi isenza sikwazi ukuthatha izinyathelo ezingcono zokunciphisa izinhlekelele zemvelo nokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, ikusasa le-meteorology libukeka lithembisa kakhulu. Ukuqonda okujulile ngezimo zasemkhathini kungasiza ekudaleni umhlaba ophephile futhi ozinzile. Ngakho-ke, ukufunda nokuthuthukisa isayensi ye-meteorology kuyitshalomali ebalulekile enhlalakahleni yesintu yesikhathi esizayo.
