Indima Yamasathelayithi Esimo Sezulu Ekubikezeleni Isimo Sezulu
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ilethe izinguquko ezinkulu emikhakheni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa nesayensi yezulu. Enye yezinto ezintsha ezibaluleke kakhulu kulo mkhakha ukusetshenziswa kwamasathelayithi esimo sezulu. Amasathelayithi esimo sezulu adlala indima ebalulekile ekubikezelweni kwesimo sezulu kwanamuhla ngokunikeza idatha enembile, yesikhathi sangempela evela emkhathini woMhlaba. Lesi sihloko sizochaza indima yamasathelayithi esimo sezulu ekubikezelweni kwesimo sezulu, okuhlanganisa nomlando wawo, ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswayo, kanye nomthelela wawo ezicini ezahlukene zokuphila komuntu.
Umlando Weziphuphutheki Zesimo Sezulu
Umlando wokusetshenziswa kwesathelayithi yesimo sezulu waqala ngo-1960 lapho i-NASA yethula isathelayithi yokuqala, i-TIROS-1 (i-Television Infrared Observation Satellite). I-TIROS-1 yayiyisathelayithi yesimo sezulu yokuqala ukudlulisa ngempumelelo izithombe zesimo sezulu kusuka emkhathini, yanikeza izazi zesimo sezulu umbono omusha wokutadisha amaphethini esimo sezulu eMhlabeni. Impumelelo ye-TIROS-1 yavula indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwamasathelayithi esimo sezulu alandelayo, ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu akwazi ukunikeza idatha enesinqumo esiphezulu.
Ubuchwepheshe beSathelayithi Yesimo Sezulu
Amasathelayithi esimo sezulu anamuhla ahlonyiswe ngamathuluzi ahlukahlukene ayinkimbinkimbi akwazi ukukala imingcele eyahlukene yomkhathi, njengokushisa, umswakama, umfutho womoya, kanye nesivinini somoya. Nazi ezinye zezindlela zobuchwepheshe ezibalulekile ezisetshenziswa kumasathelayithi esimo sezulu:
I-Radiometer
I-radiometer iyithuluzi elisetshenziselwa ukukala imisebe kagesi kuma-wavelength ahlukahlukene. Ngokwesimo sama-satellite esimo sezulu, ama-radiometer alinganisa imisebe ekhishwa umkhathi nobuso boMhlaba. Le datha isetshenziselwa ukunquma izinga lokushisa lolwandle, ukusatshalaliswa kwamafu, kanye neminye imingcele yomkhathi.
I-Spectrometer
I-spectrometer iyithuluzi elikwazi ukubona nokulinganisa amazinga amagesi athile emkhathini, njenge-ozone, i-carbon dioxide, kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekufundeni i-chemistry yomoya kanye nokufudumala komhlaba.
Ukulingisa
I-imager ikhamera ekwazi ukuthwebula izithombe ngezindlela ezahlukene zokukhanya, okuhlanganisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo nokukhanya kwe-infrared. Izithombe ezikhiqizwa yi-imager zisetshenziselwa ukuqapha ukwakheka kwamafu, iziphepho, nezinye izimo zezulu.
Altimeter
I-altimeter iyithuluzi elisetshenziselwa ukukala izinga lolwandle. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekutadisheni izinguquko ezingeni lolwandle ezibangelwa ukufudumala komhlaba kanye nesenzakalo se-El Niño.
Indima Yamasathelayithi Esimo Sezulu Ekubikezeleni Isimo Sezulu
Ukubuka Kwangempela
Enye yezindima eziyinhloko zamasathelayithi esimo sezulu ukuhlinzeka ngokubuka kwesimo sezulu ngesikhathi sangempela. Idatha eqoqwe ngamasathelayithi esimo sezulu ingafinyelelwa futhi ihlaziywe ngokushesha ngababikezeli besimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kuvumela ukubikezela kwesimo sezulu okusheshayo nokunembile, okubalulekile ezimweni eziphuthumayo, njengokusongela kweziphepho noma izikhukhula.
Ukubikezela Kwesikhathi Eside
Ngaphezu kokubuka ngesikhathi sangempela, amasathelayithi esimo sezulu nawo adlala indima ekubikezeleni isimo sezulu sesikhathi eside. Ngokuqapha amaphethini esimo sezulu isikhathi eside, amasathelayithi esimo sezulu angasiza ososayensi ukubikezela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nezimo zesimo sezulu ezihamba kancane, njenge-El Niño ne-La Niña. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekuhleleni isikhathi eside emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ezolimo, amandla, kanye nokuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi.
Ukumepha Nokuqapha Izinhlekelele Zemvelo
Amasathelayithi esimo sezulu nawo adlala indima ebalulekile ekubhaleni nasekuqapheni izinhlekelele zemvelo. Ngokubona ukwakheka nokuhamba kweziphepho, izivunguvungu, kanye nemimoya enamandla, amasathelayithi esimo sezulu anganikeza izexwayiso kusenesikhathi kubantu abahlala ezindaweni ezisengozini. Lokhu kungasiza ohulumeni nezinhlangano zosizo ukulungiselela nokusabela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo ngempumelelo enkulu, kusindise izimpilo futhi kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho.
Igalelo Ekuqondeni Kwesayensi
Idatha eqoqwe ngamasathelayithi esimo sezulu nayo inegalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwesayensi komkhathi woMhlaba kanye nezinqubo zesimo sezulu eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ucwaningo olusebenzisa idatha yesathelayithi yesimo sezulu luveze okutholakele okuningi okubalulekile okuye kwacebisa isayensi yesimo sezulu kanye nesimo sezulu. Isibonelo, idatha yesathelayithi isize ekufundweni kwamaphethini omoya ebusweni boMhlaba, ukusatshalaliswa kwamafu, umjikelezo wamanzi, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu somhlaba.
Umthelela Wezomnotho
Izibikezelo zesimo sezulu ezinembile zinemiphumela ebalulekile kwezomnotho. Emkhakheni wezolimo, ulwazi lwesimo sezulu olufika ngesikhathi lungasiza abalimi ukuhlela imisebenzi yokutshala nokuvuna, kuncishiswe ingozi yokulahlekelwa ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi. Embonini yezindiza, izibikezelo zesimo sezulu ezinembile zingasiza ukuhlela imizila yendiza ephephile nesebenza kahle. Emkhakheni wamandla, ulwazi lwesimo sezulu lusetshenziselwa ukuhlela ukukhiqizwa nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla, ikakhulukazi amandla ancike ezimweni zesimo sezulu, njengomoya namandla elanga.
Umthelela Wezenhlalo
Ukubikezela kwesimo sezulu okunembile nakho kunemiphumela ebalulekile emphakathini. Ngokunikeza ulwazi lwesimo sezulu olufika ngesikhathi, imiphakathi ingalungiselela izimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu, njengeziphepho, izikhukhula, noma amagagasi okushisa. Lokhu kungathuthukisa ukuphepha komphakathi kanye nenhlalakahle, ngenkathi kunciphisa imiphumela emibi empilweni nasempilweni yansuku zonke.
Izinkinga Nezinselele
Nakuba amasathelayithi esimo sezulu enikeze izinzuzo eziningi, kusenezinkinga eziningana kanye nezinselele. Enye yazo izindleko eziphezulu zokuwaqalisa nokuzigcina ejikeleza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokusebenza samasathelayithi sidinga ukuqaliswa njalo kwamasathelayithi athathe indawo yawo.
Enye inselele ukuxazululwa okulinganiselwe kwedatha ekhiqizwa amasathelayithi esimo sezulu. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ukuxazululwa kwendawo kanye nesikhathi kwedatha yamasathelayithi esimo sezulu yamanje akukakwazi ukulingana nalokho okutholwe ngokubuka okuqondile eMhlabeni. Ukuze kunqotshwe lo mkhawulo, kudingeka inhlanganisela yedatha evela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa iziteshi zesimo sezulu ezisemhlabeni, amabhaluni e-radar, kanye namabhaluni esimo sezulu.
Isiphetho
Amasathelayithi esimo sezulu adlala indima ebalulekile ekubikezelweni kwesimo sezulu sanamuhla. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bukwazi ukuqaphela imingcele eyahlukene yesimo sezulu, amasathelayithi esimo sezulu ahlinzeka ngedatha enembile, yesikhathi sangempela yokubuka isimo sezulu, ukubikezela isikhathi eside, imephu yenhlekelele yemvelo, kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi. Izinzuzo ezikhiqizwa amasathelayithi esimo sezulu azithinti nje kuphela umkhakha wezomnotho kodwa futhi zithuthukisa ukuphepha kanye nenhlalakahle yomphakathi wonke. Ngenkathi kusenezinkinga eziningi nezinselele okusamele kubhekwane nazo, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nentuthuko kubuchwepheshe besathelayithi yesimo sezulu kuyaqhubeka nokuletha izinguquko ezinhle ekuqondeni nasekubikezeleni isimo sezulu eMhlabeni.
