Umphumela Wesimo Sezulu Ezindaweni Ezihlala Amahlathini
Amahlathi aphakathi kwezindawo zemvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu eMhlabeni. Ahlanganisa ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezitshalo, izilwane zasendle, izinto ezincane, inhlabathi, amanzi, kanye nabantu. Esinye isici esinquma kakhulu ibhalansi yalokhu kuxhumana yisimo sezulu. Isimo sezulu, esihlanganisa izinga lokushisa, imvula, umswakama, umoya, kanye nokukhanya kwelanga, asigcini nje ngokuthonya "induduzo" yempilo yamahlathi kodwa futhi sinquma amaphethini okukhula kwezitshalo, ukutholakala kwezinsiza, kanye nengozi yezinhlekelele zemvelo ezifana nemililo nezikhukhula. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda umthelela wesimo sezulu ezindaweni zemvelo zamahlathi kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi phakathi kokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu okwandayo kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Isimo sezulu njengomlawuli wesilinganiso sempilo yasehlathini
Yonke imvelo yamahlathi inesigqi sesizini. Emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo, izinkathi zonyaka zingase zingabi zihlukile njengasezindaweni ezinezinkathi zonyaka, kodwa izinguquko emvuleni zisanquma izikhathi zokuqhakaza, ukuthela izithelo, kanye nezikhathi zokusebenza kwezilwane. Ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile, isimo sezulu sinamandla nakakhulu: ubusika bubangela ukungahlali kwezitshalo, intwasahlobo ikhuthaza ukukhula okusha, kanti ikwindla iphawula ukukhumuka kwamaqabunga.
Lesi sigqi sibalulekile ngoba silawula uchungechunge lokudla. Lapho izihlahla zithela izithelo ngesikhathi esithile, izilwane ezidla izithelo nembewu ziyanda emsebenzini, okuthonya izilwane ezizingelayo. Uma isimo sezulu sishintsha kakhulu—isibonelo, isikhathi semvula siyashintsha noma ubusika buba bude—ukuvumelanisa phakathi kokutholakala kokudla kanye nemijikelezo yokuzala kwezilwane kungaphazanyiswa.
Umthelela wokushisa ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni
Izinga lokushisa lithinta izinga le-photosynthesis, ukuphefumula, kanye nokukhula kwezitshalo. Izinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla zinezinga lokushisa elifanele. Uma amazinga okushisa ephezulu kakhulu, izitshalo zingabhekana nokucindezeleka kokushisa futhi zivale ama-stomata azo ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwamanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukumuncwa kwekhabhoni kuyancipha futhi ukukhula kuyehla. Esikhathini eside, ukucindezeleka kokushisa okuphindaphindiwe kungandisa ukuthambekela kwezinambuzane nezifo.
Ezilwaneni, izinga lokushisa linquma izidingo zamandla kanye namaphethini omsebenzi wansuku zonke. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinyoni kumele zisebenzise amandla amaningi ukuze zilondoloze izinga lokushisa lomzimba esimweni sezulu esibandayo, kuyilapho esimweni sezulu esishisayo kakhulu, izilwane zivame ukunciphisa umsebenzi wasemini futhi zifune umthunzi noma imithombo yamanzi. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo nezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, okushisa kwazo komzimba kuncike endaweni ezihlala kuyo, zizwela kakhulu. Ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kungathinta ikhono lazo lokunyakaza, ukuzingela nokuzala.
Indima yemvula: amanzi njengomgogodla wesimiso sezinto eziphilayo
Imvula iyisici esiyinhloko esinquma uhlobo lwehlathi: ukuthi lizoba yihlathi eliminyene, ihlathi lesizini, noma ihlathi elomile. Amanzi athinta ukutholakala komswakama enhlabathini, ukugeleza kwemifula, kanye nokwakheka kwezindawo zokuhlala ezincane njengezindawo ezimanzi zamahlathi namachibi esizini. Uma imvula yanele, izitshalo ziyachuma, udoti wamaqabunga uyabola ngokushesha, futhi izakhamzimba zomhlabathi ziyatholakala ezimpandeni.
Kodwa-ke, imvula enganele noma isomiso esihlala isikhathi eside kungabangela ukucindezeleka kwesomiso. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, izihlahla zingase zilahle amaqabunga azo ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhwamuka kwamanzi, kuvimbele ukukhula, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukufa kwezihlahla. Isomiso sithinta nezilwane ezithembele emithonjeni yamanzi, njengezilwane ezincelisayo, izinyamazane, nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyoni. Lapho imithombo yamanzi incipha, izilwane zivame ukufuduka, zandise ukuncintisana futhi zingase zisondele ezindaweni zokuhlala.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imvula eningi ingabangela izikhukhula, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, kanye nokudilika komhlaba, ikakhulukazi emahlathini asevele ephazanyiswa ukugawulwa kwemithi noma ukuhlanzwa komhlaba. Izikhukhula zingashintsha futhi isakhiwo sezitshalo ezindaweni eziseduze nogu, zisuse imbewu, futhi zithinte izindawo zokuhlala zezilwane ezithile.
Umswakama kanye nesimo sezulu esincane: umhlaba omncane ngaphansi kophahla
Amahlathi anekhono lokudala izimo zezulu ezincane—izimo zezulu ezincane ngaphansi kophahla. Umswakama emahlathini ngokuvamile uphakeme kunasezindaweni ezivulekile ngenxa yokuhwamuka komhlabathi ovikelwe kanye nokuphuma kwezitshalo. Umswakama ozinzile ubalulekile kuma-fungus, ama-lichen, kanye nezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, futhi usheshisa nokubola kwemfucuza ibe yi-humus.
Uma isimo sezulu somile, ungqimba lwezibi luyawoma futhi inqubo yokubola iyahamba kancane. Ngenxa yalokho, ukujikeleza kwezakhamzimba kuyaphazamiseka futhi ukutholakala kwezakhamzimba ezitshalweni kuyancishiswa. Umswakama ophansi uphinde wandise ingozi yomlilo wehlathi, njengoba uphethiloli ofana namagatsha omile namaqabunga kuvutha kalula.
Umoya: kokubili umsabalalisi wembewu kanye nesisusa somonakalo
Umoya udlala indima ekuthuthweni kwempova kanye nokusabalala kwembewu kwezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinembewu elula. Kodwa-ke, imimoya enamandla ingabangela umonakalo ongokwenyama, njengokuphuka kwamagatsha noma ukudilizwa kwezihlahla ezinkulu. Izehlakalo zesiphepho zingadala izikhala zophahla, zishintshe amandla okukhanya phansi kwehlathi. Lezi zikhala zivame ukuhlinzeka ngendawo yokukhosela izinhlobo zezihlahla eziqalayo ezithanda ukukhanya, zishintshe ukwakheka kwehlathi.
Uma iziphepho ziba ziningi noma ziqine kakhulu, izakhiwo zamahlathi zingavuleka kakhulu. Amahlathi avulekile ayashisa futhi omile, okudala i-feedback loop eyandisa ubungozi besomiso nomlilo.
Ukuqina kwelanga kanye ne-photosynthesis
Ukukhanya kwelanga kuwumthombo oyinhloko wamandla we-photosynthesis. Emahlathini, ukuqina kokukhanya kuthonywa kakhulu ukujiya kwekhava kanye nezimo zezulu, njengokumbozwa kwamafu. Ngesikhathi semvula esinamafu amade, ukuqina kokukhanya kuyancipha, okunganciphisa ukukhula kwezitshalo ezithile. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwesakhiwo ziyazivumelanisa nokukhanya okuphansi.
Izinguquko emaphethini okukhanya kwelanga zithinta nokushisa komhlabathi, umswakama, kanye nomsebenzi wokuthutha impova. Uma isimo sezulu esibi sibangela izinguquko emaphethini okuqhakaza izimbali, impova ingalahlekelwa yimithombo ye-nectar ngesikhathi lapho ngokuvamile itholakala khona, okuthinta impumelelo yokuzala kwesitshalo.
Isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu: imililo, ukuqubuka kwezinambuzane, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi
Isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu singenye yezinsongo ezinkulu kakhulu emvelweni yehlathi. Isomiso esihlala isikhathi eside sandisa ingozi yomlilo, ikakhulukazi emahlathini aqhekekile kanye nemisebenzi yabantu eseduze. Lapho kuvela imililo, akushiswa izitshalo kuphela kodwa nezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi, imbewu, kanye nekhabhoni egcinwe ku-biomass ikhishwa emoyeni. Imiphumela ingaba isikhathi eside, njengoba ukuvuselelwa kwehlathi kuthatha amashumi eminyaka kuya emakhulwini eminyaka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungabangela ukuqhuma kwezinambuzane. Amazinga okushisa afudumele angasheshisa imijikelezo yokuphila kwezinambuzane ezithile futhi andise izindawo zazo. Izihlahla esezicindezelwe yisomiso zisengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa, okuholela ekufeni kwabantu abaningi kanye noshintsho ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo.
Ukusebenzisana kwesimo sezulu nemisebenzi yabantu
Imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emahlathini iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwawo nemisebenzi yabantu. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokuwohloka kwamahlathi kunciphisa ikhono lehlathi lokugcina amanzi, ukugcina umswakama, kanye nokuqinisa amazinga okushisa endawo. Ngenxa yalokho, izindawo ezizungezile amahlathi zingaba zishisa futhi zome, okubangela ukucindezeleka okukhulu emahlathini asele. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo omubi: amahlathi ayancipha, izimo zezulu ezincane ziba buthaka, isimo sezulu sendawo siba sibi kakhulu, futhi amahlathi ayalwela ukusinda.
Isiphetho
Isimo sezulu siyisihluthulelo esiyinhloko sokusebenza kwemvelo yamahlathi. Izinga lokushisa, imvula, umswakama, umoya, kanye nokukhanya kwelanga kunquma ukukhula kwezitshalo, ukutholakala kwamanzi, ukujikeleza kwezakhamzimba, ukuziphatha kwezilwane, kanye nengozi yezinhlekelele ezifana nemililo nezikhukhula. Ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezizinzile, amahlathi agcina ibhalansi futhi ahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezibalulekile zemvelo njengokugcinwa kwekhabhoni, ukulawulwa kwamanzi, kanye nendawo yokuhlala yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kukhuphuka kanye nezehlakalo zesimo sezulu ezimbi kakhulu ziba ziningi, izimiso zemvelo zamahlathi ziba sengozini enkulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuvikelwa kwamahlathi, ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo ezonakele, kanye nokuphathwa okusekelwe emvelweni kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ukuthi amahlathi ahlala evumelana nezimo futhi aqhubeka nokusekela impilo emhlabeni.
