Indlela Yokulinganisa Izinga Lokushisa Lomoya
Izinga lokushisa lomoya lingenye yezinto ezivame ukulinganiswa kakhulu zesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu ngoba lithinta ngqo induduzo yabantu, ukukhula kwezitshalo, ukuhwamuka, ukwakheka kwamafu, kanye nokuguquguquka komkhathi kuzo zombili izikali zendawo nezomhlaba wonke. Ulwazi lokushisa lomoya lusetshenziswa ekubikezeleni isimo sezulu, izixwayiso zamagagasi okushisa, ukuhlela ezolimo, ukuphathwa kwamandla, kanye nocwaningo lokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwalolu lwazi, izindlela zokulinganisa izinga lokushisa lomoya kumele zenziwe ngendlela efanele, kusetshenziswa imishini efanele, futhi kulandelwe izinqubo ezijwayelekile ukuqinisekisa imiphumela enembile engaqhathaniswa phakathi nesikhathi nezindawo.
Ukuqonda kanye nezimiso eziyisisekelo zokulinganisa izinga lokushisa lomoya
Kalula nje, izinga lokushisa lomoya liyisilinganiso sokuthi umoya ushisa noma ubanda kangakanani ngenxa yamandla ajwayelekile e-kinetic ama-molecule awo. Ekuzijwayezeni kwesimo sezulu, izinga lokushisa lomoya livame ukuvezwa ngama-degree Celsius (°C), yize kwezinye izimo kusetshenziswa i-Kelvin (K) noma i-Fahrenheit (°F). Izinga lokushisa lomoya lilinganiswa ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zezinto ezishintsha njalo ngokushisa, njengokwanda koketshezi, izinguquko ekumelaneni kukagesi, noma izinguquko ku-voltage lapho kuhlangana khona izinsimbi ezimbili ezingafani.
Ukunemba kokulinganisa izinga lokushisa kuthonywa kakhulu yindawo ezungezile inzwa. Imisebe yelanga, ukubonakaliswa okuvela emhlabathini noma ezakhiweni, izivunguvungu zomoya, umswakama, kanye nezimo zokubekwa kwemishini konke kungaletha ukuthambekela. Ngakho-ke, ukulinganiswa kwezinga lokushisa lomoya wesimo sezulu kuvame ukwenziwa endaweni ephakeme ejwayelekile (ngokuvamile amamitha angu-1,25–2 ngaphezu komhlaba), ngokuvikelwa kwemisebe, futhi endaweni emele (hhayi eduze kakhulu nezindonga, i-asphalt, noma imithombo yokushisa).
Indlela yendabuko: i-thermometer ewuketshezi
Indlela evame kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-thermometer yoketshezi, njenge-thermometer ye-mercury noma ye-alcohol. Isimiso sisekelwe ekwandiseni uketshezi: lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, uketshezi luyanda futhi lukhuphuke epayipini le-capillary; lapho izinga lokushisa lehla, uketshezi luyafinyela bese luwa. Ama-thermometer otshwala aphephile kune-thermometer ye-mercury ngoba i-mercury inobuthi, kodwa i-mercury inobubanzi obungcono bokulinganisa kanye nokuzinza. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa kwama-thermometer e-mercury kuya ngokuya kunqunyelwa ngenxa yezizathu zempilo nezemvelo.
Ezikhungweni zesimo sezulu, ama-thermometer oketshezi avame ukufakwa endlini ye-thermometer noma esikrinini sikaStevenson, ibhokisi elimhlophe, elinomoya omuhle elivikela ithuluzi emisebeni eqondile nasemvuleni, kuyilapho livumela ukujikeleza komoya. Izinzuzo zale ndlela ubulula, ukuntuleka kukagesi, kanye nokuthembeka kwayo. Okubi: ukufundwa ngesandla kuthambekele ephutheni, ukungakwazi ukurekhoda idatha eqhubekayo ngaphandle komqaphi, kanye nesikhathi sokuphendula singaba sincane kunezinzwa ze-elekthronikhi.
I-thermometer ephezulu kakhulu
Ngezinhloso zesimo sezulu, kuyaziwa ama-thermometer aphezulu kakhulu naphansi kakhulu, aqopha amazinga okushisa aphezulu naphansi kakhulu esikhathini esithile (ngokuvamile nsuku zonke). Ngokuvamile, lawa mathuluzi asebenzisa indlela yokumaka (isb., inkomba encane ku-capillary) ebanjwa endaweni ephezulu noma encane kakhulu kuze kube yilapho umbukeli esetha kabusha. Idatha ephezulu kakhulu ibalulekile ekuhlaziyeni amagagasi okushisa, ingozi yesithwathwa, kanye nokuguquguquka kwansuku zonke. Le ndlela isadinga izinqubo ezijwayelekile: izikhathi zokufunda ezihambisanayo, ukubeka kahle ithuluzi, kanye nokuqoshwa okunembile.
Izindlela zesimanje: izinzwa ze-elekthronikhi (ama-thermistors, ama-RTD, nama-thermocouple)
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsimbi kuholele ekulinganisweni kwezinga lokushisa okuzenzakalelayo nokunesinqumo esiphezulu. Ezinye izinzwa ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zifaka:
1. I-Thermistor
I-thermistor iyi-resistor enenani lokumelana kukagesi elishintsha ngokushisa. Ngokuvamile iyazwela kakhulu emazingeni okushisa ahlukahlukene asemkhathini futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi eziteshini zezulu ezizenzakalelayo. Izinzuzo zayo zifaka phakathi impendulo esheshayo kanye nezindleko ezingabizi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ama-thermistor adinga ukulinganiswa ngokucophelela futhi angahamba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
2. I-RTD (Isitholi Sokushisa Sokumelana)
Ama-RTD, avame ukwenziwa nge-platinum (isb., i-Pt100 noma i-Pt1000), asebenzisa ushintsho oluqondile ekumelaneni nokushisa. Ama-RTD aziwa ngokuqina kwawo nokunemba kwawo, okwenza afanelekele ukulinganisa okujwayelekile nokucwaninga. Izithiyo zawo ukuthi abiza kakhulu kune-thermistors futhi adinga isekethe yokulinganisa eqinile ukuvimbela umsindo kagesi ukuthi ungaphazamisi imiphumela.
3. I-Thermocouple
Ama-thermocouple asebenza ngokusekelwe kumphumela we-Seebeck: izinsimbi ezimbili ezingafani zikhiqiza i-voltage kagesi encike ekwehlukeni kokushisa phakathi kwezindawo zokulinganisa kanye nezindawo zokubhekisela. Ama-thermocouple aqinile futhi angasetshenziswa ebangeni lokushisa elibanzi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ekulinganisweni kokushisa komoya okuvamile, ama-thermocouple ngezinye izikhathi awanembile kangako kune-RTD futhi adinga isinxephezelo se-cold junction ukuze athole ukunemba.
Izinzwa ze-elekthronikhi zivame ukuxhunywa kuma-data logger aqopha idatha njalo ngomzuzu noma ngisho nomzuzwana. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlaziywa kokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kwansuku zonke, izinguquko ezisheshayo ngenxa yokumbozwa kwamafu noma izivunguvungu zomoya, kanye nokuhlanganiswa nezinye izakhi zesimo sezulu.
Ukuvikela imisebe kanye nokungenisa umoya: isihluthulelo sokunciphisa ukuthambekela
Izindlela zokulinganisa izinga lokushisa lomoya azigcini nje ngokuphathelene nenzwa uqobo lwayo, kodwa futhi nendlela evikelwe ngayo emisebeni. Ngaphandle kokuvikelwa, inzwa ingafunda phezulu uma ivezwa elangeni eliqondile noma ekukhanyeni okuvela ezindaweni ezikhanyayo, futhi yehle uma kwenzeka ukupholisa kwemisebe ebusuku uma ilungiselelwe ngendlela engafanele.
Ngakho-ke, kusetshenziswa izivikelo zemisebe, ngokuvamile ezimhlophe kanye nezinama-plate amaningi. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezijwayelekile:
– Ukuvikelwa okungenamsebenzi: kuncike ekungeneni komoya kwemvelo. Kufanelekela izindawo ezinomoya owanele, kodwa kungachezuka ezimweni zomoya ophansi kanye nemisebe ephezulu.
– Ukuvikela okusebenzayo (isivikelo esiphefumulayo): kusebenzisa ifeni ukuphoqa ukuhamba komoya phezu kwenzwa, kunciphisa ukushisa kwendawo. Lolu hlobo lunembe kakhulu ngaphansi kwemisebe ephezulu kanye nezimo zomoya ophansi, kodwa ludinga amandla nokugcinwa.
Emikhubeni yesimo sezulu yakudala, izikrini zikaStevenson zingabhekwa njengesivikelo esisebenzayo esingasebenzi uma zifakwa ngokwezindinganiso.
Izindlela zokulinganisa ezikude: ukuzwela kwesathelayithi kanye nokushisa
Ngaphezu kokulinganisa okuqondile ebusweni, izinga lokushisa liphinde liqashwe ngokusebenzisa ukuzwela okukude. Amasathelayithi e-Meteorological alinganisa imisebe ye-infrared ekhishwa umkhathi kanye nobuso, bese elinganisa izinga lokushisa. Kodwa-ke, amasathelayithi avame ukuthola izinga lokushisa lobuso (izinga lokushisa lobuso bomhlaba) noma izinga lokushisa lezendlalelo ezithile zomoya, kunokushisa komoya okuqondile kumamitha ama-2. Noma kunjalo, idatha yesathelayithi iwusizo kakhulu ekuhleleni ukusatshalaliswa kokushisa okubanzi, ukuqapha amaza okushisa esifunda, kanye nokugcwalisa izikhala zedatha ezindaweni ezineziteshi ezimbalwa zesathelayithi.
Ubuthakathaka bale ndlela buhlanganisa ukuthintwa yi-cloud cover, okudinga ama-algorithms okulungisa ayinkimbinkimbi, kanye nokunemba kwayo kuye ngokulinganiswa kwe-sensor yesathelayithi kanye nezimo zomkhathi.
Ukulinganisa, ukulinganisa, kanye nekhwalithi yedatha
Ukunemba kokulinganiswa kwezinga lokushisa lomoya kuncike ekulinganisweni kwethuluzi uma kuqhathaniswa nezindinganiso eziqashelwayo. Izici zenzwa zingashintsha ngenxa yokuguga, umswakama, uthuli, noma ukugqwala. Ngakho-ke, iziteshi zezulu zobungcweti zidlula ohlelweni lokulinganisa olujwayelekile kanye nokuhlolwa kwensimu, okuhlanganisa:
- ukuhlola ukuhlanzeka kwezihlangu zemisebe,
– ukuhlola ukuphakama kokufakwa kwenzwa,
– qinisekisa ukuthi azikho izinto ezintsha zokushisa ezizungezile indawo (isib. izakhiwo, umoya opholile, noma i-asphalt),
- ukuqinisekiswa kwedatha (ukuthola izinto ezingavamile kanye nokwanda okungajwayelekile).
Imikhuba yokulawula ikhwalithi ihlanganisa nokuqhathanisa neziteshi eziseduze, ukuvumelana kwansuku zonke, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo ukuze kutholakale ukucwaswa okuhlelekile.
I-Penutup
Izindlela zokulinganisa izinga lokushisa lomoya ziye zashintsha kusukela kuma-thermometer alula oketshezi kuya kuma-sensor kagesi anembe kakhulu kanye nokuzwa okukude kwesathelayithi. Ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo kanye nemikhawulo yayo, kodwa zonke zithembele esimisweni esifanayo esibalulekile: ama-sensor kufanele alinganise amazinga okushisa omoya amele, hhayi amazinga okushisa ngenxa yemisebe noma amathonya endawo. Ngokubeka kahle, ukuvikela imisebe okufanele, umoya owanele, kanye nokulinganisa umsindo kanye nezinqubo zokulawula ikhwalithi, idatha yezinga lokushisa lomoya inganikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokubikezela isimo sezulu, izinsizakalo zesimo sezulu, ukunciphisa ingozi yokushisa, kanye nocwaningo lwezemvelo.
Uma ufisa, ngingavumelanisa lesi sihloko nesimo esithile—isibonelo, ngomsebenzi wesikole, umbiko webhulebhu, noma indinganiso yokulinganisa ye-BMKG/WMO—kufaka phakathi ukwengeza uhlu lwezincwadi nemifanekiso yenqubo yokufaka ithuluzi.
