Umphumela Welanga Emandleni Omoya
ILanga liwumthombo wamandla oyinhloko woMhlaba. Cishe zonke izinqubo zesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu—kusukela ekwakhekeni kwamafu, imvula, nomoya kuya ekujikelezeni komoya emhlabeni wonke—zisekelwe ekusatshalalisweni nasekushintsheni kwamandla elanga atholwa ubuso nomoya woMhlaba. Njengoba la mandla emuncwa, ebonakaliswa, futhi edluliselwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zomzimba, umkhathi uba "umshini" ohamba njalo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela iLanga elithonya ngayo amandla omoya, ezikalini zansuku zonke, zesizini, nezesikhathi eside.
1. Imisebe yelanga njengomshayeli oyinhloko womkhathi
Amandla eLanga afika eMhlabeni ngesimo semisebe yamaza amafushane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibonakalayo nezikhanyayo. Eminye yale misebe ibuyiselwa emkhathini ngamafu, ama-aerosol, kanye nezindawo ezikhanyayo njengeqhwa (le nqubo yokubonakalisa ihlobene ne-albedo). Okusele kumuncwa yizindawo zomhlaba, izilwandle, kanye nezingxenye ezithile zomkhathi, lapho kuguqulwa khona kube ukushisa.
Ukushisa okuvela emisebeni yelanga akulingani. Ukuma koMhlaba kuyindilinga, ngakho izindawo ezishisayo zithola imisebe eminingi kunezindawo eziphakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthambekela kwe-axis yoMhlaba kubangela ukushintshashintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka: ehlobo, enye ingxenye yomhlaba ithola amandla amaningi, kanti enye ithola amancane. Lokhu kungalingani ekushiseni kubhebhezela ukunyakaza komkhathi: umoya ofudumele uvame ukukhuphuka, umoya opholile uvame ukucwila, futhi umehluko wokucindezela obangelwayo udala imimoya.
2. Ukushisa okuhlukile kanye nokwakheka kwe-gradient yengcindezi
Omunye wemibono ebalulekile yokuguquguquka komoya yi-gradient yokucindezela (umehluko wokucindezela phakathi kwezifunda). Lapho indawo ifudumala, umoya uyakhula, ubuningi bawo buyancipha, futhi ingcindezi endaweni ethile ingashintsha. Lo mehluko wokushisa phakathi komhlaba nolwandle, phakathi kwezindawo ezishisayo nezinsika, noma phakathi kwemini nobusuku udala i-gradient yokucindezela eqhuba ukugeleza komoya. Umoya empeleni uyindlela yokusabela komkhathi "ekulinganiseni" lokhu kungafani.
Isibonelo esicacile senzeka ezindaweni ezisogwini: emini, izwe lishisa ngokushesha kunolwandle, okwenza umoya ongaphezulu komhlaba ukhuphuke kanye nokucindezela okulinganiselwe kwehle. Umoya opholile ovela olwandle uya ezweni, wakhe umoya wolwandle. Ebusuku, izwe liphola ngokushesha, ukucindezela okulinganiselwe kwenyuka, futhi umoya uhamba usuka ezweni uye olwandle (umoya womhlaba). Lo mjikelezo wansuku zonke uyisibonelo esilula sendlela ukushintshashintsha kwemisebe yelanga okulawula ngayo amandla omoya wendawo.
3. Ukujikeleziswa komhlaba wonke: Amaseli e-Hadley, e-Ferrel, kanye ne-Polar
Emhlabeni wonke, ukungalingani kwamandla phakathi kwezindawo ezishisayo nezinsika kudala uhlelo olukhulu lokujikeleza kwegazi. Umoya ofudumele ozungeze i-equator uyakhuphuka, wakhe izindawo ezinengcindezi ephansi kanye ne-convection enamandla. Lo moya okhuphukayo ube usuthuthela ezindaweni eziphakeme e-troposphere ephezulu, uphole, bese wehla cishe ngama-30° latitude kuzo zombili izindawo. Le ndlela yaziwa ngokuthi iseli likaHadley.
Ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo, kukhona iseli le-Ferrel eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, elithonywa kakhulu yizinhlelo zesiphepho kanye nokusebenzisana nomfula we-jet. Ezindaweni eziphakeme, iseli le-Polar lakha lapho umoya obandayo wehla ezindaweni eziphansi, uhambela ezindaweni eziphansi eduze kobuso, bese uhlangana nomoya ofudumele ngaphambili kwe-polar.
Ngaphandle kwamandla amakhulu eLanga ezindaweni ezishisayo kunasezindaweni eziphansi, lokhu kuzungeza komhlaba wonke bekungeke kube khona njengoba sikwazi. Lolu hlelo luphinde lube yisisekelo sokusatshalaliswa kwemvula yomhlaba wonke: izindawo eziku-equator zivame ukuba nomswakama futhi zina imvula, kuyilapho izindawo eziseduze nobubanzi obungu-30° zivame ukoma (amahlane amaningi amakhulu atholakala kule ndawo).
4. Indima yokujikeleza koMhlaba kanye nomphumela weCoriolis
Ilanga libangela umehluko ekushiseni nasekucindezelweni, kodwa amaphethini omoya avelayo awahambi ngendlela eqondile ukusuka ekucindezelweni okuphezulu kuya kokuphansi. Ukujikeleza komhlaba kubangela umphumela weCoriolis, ophambukisa izixuku zomoya ziye kwesokudla enyakatho yezwe kanye nakwesobunxele eningizimu yezwe. Lokhu kuphumela ekwakhekeni kwemimoya yezohwebo ezindaweni ezishisayo, entshonalanga emaphakathi, kanye nomsinga wejethi emoyeni ophezulu.
Imifudlana yejethi ibalulekile ekushintsheni komoya ngoba iqondisa imizila yesiphepho futhi ithonya ukunyakaza kwezinhlelo eziphansi neziphezulu. Nakuba umphumela weCoriolis uvela ekujikelezeni koMhlaba, amandla kanye nendawo yemifudlana yejethi kuhlobene kakhulu nokwehla kwezinga lokushisa, okugcine kunqunywa ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla elanga.
5. Umhwamuko wamanzi, amafu, kanye nokukhishwa kokushisa okucashile
Ukushisa kwelanga nakho kuqhuba umjikelezo wamanzi. Lapho izilwandle nezindawo ezimanzi zimunca amandla, amanzi ayahwamuka. Umhwamuko wamanzi okhuphukayo ube usuyaqina ukuze wakhe amafu nemvula. Le nqubo yokuqina ikhipha ukushisa okucashile emkhathini, iqinise ukujikeleza kwamanzi futhi ingabangela ukwakheka kwesiphepho.
Ezindaweni ezishisayo, amandla amaningi eLanga asetshenziselwa ukuhwamuka, bese ekhishwa njengokushisa okucashile ngesikhathi semvula. Lesi esinye sezizathu ezenza iziphepho zasezindaweni ezishisayo kanye nezinhlelo ezinkulu ezijikelezayo zibe namandla kangaka: ILanga "lishaja" uhlelo olwandle olufudumele, futhi umkhathi "ubuyisela" amandla ngesikhathi sokuqina.
Amafu adlala indima ekabili: abonakalisa imisebe yelanga, ngaleyo ndlela apholisa indawo, futhi abamba imisebe ye-infrared evela ebusweni, ngaleyo ndlela afudumale umkhathi (umphumela wokushisa). Lokhu kusebenzisana kwenza ithonya leLanga emkhathini libe nzima kakhulu, njengoba amafu angakhulisa noma anciphise ukufudumala kuye ngohlobo lwawo, ukuphakama, kanye nobukhulu bawo.
6. Ukuguquguquka kwelanga kanye nomthelela wako emoyeni
Ngaphezu kokushintshashintsha kwansuku zonke kanye nokwezinkathi ngenxa yejiyometri yoMhlaba, iLanga ngokwalo liyahlukahluka futhi ngokukhishwa kwamandla, yize lincane kakhulu. Umsebenzi welanga ulandela umjikelezo weminyaka ecishe ibe yi-11, obonakala ngokushintsha kwenani lamachashazi elanga kanye nokushintshashintsha kwe-ultraviolet. Lokhu kushintsha kungathinta umkhathi ophezulu (i-stratosphere kanye ne-thermosphere) kakhulu kunomphezulu, ngoba imisebe ye-ultraviolet imuncwa yi-ozone kanye namanye amagesi ezindaweni eziphakeme.
Izinguquko ekufudumaleni kwe-stratosphere zingathonya amaphethini omoya namagagasi asemkhathini, abese "econsa" e-troposphere ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Kodwa-ke, esimweni sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu sanamuhla, umnikelo wokushintshashintsha kwelanga emkhubeni wokufudumala komhlaba wesikhathi eside ubhekwa njengoncane kunethonya lamagesi okushisa abangelwa abantu. Noma kunjalo, ukushintshashintsha kwelanga kusabalulekile ekuqondeni ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu semvelo kanye nokuguquguquka komoya okuphezulu.
7. Ukusebenzisana kweLanga ne-magnetosphere kanye nesimo sezulu sasemkhathini
ILanga alikhiphi nje kuphela ukukhanya nokushisa, kodwa futhi nomoya welanga kanye nezinhlayiya ezishajiwe ezingasebenzisana ne-magnetosphere yoMhlaba. Imicimbi efana neziphepho ze-geomagnetic ingathinta i-ionosphere, ukuxhumana ngomsakazo, ukuzulazula kwesathelayithi, kanye nemisinga kagesi ebangelwa ebusweni. Nakuba ithonya lazo esimweni sezulu sansuku zonke ku-troposphere lingaqondile futhi lihlala liyindawo eyinkimbinkimbi yocwaningo, imiphumela yazo ekushintsheni komoya okuphezulu ibalulekile ngokusobala.
Ukushisa ku-thermosphere ngesikhathi somsebenzi we-geomagnetic kungashintsha ubuningi bomkhathi ongaphezulu, okuthinta ukudonswa kwesathelayithi. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi "i-atmospheric dynamics" ayihlobene nje nesimo sezulu esisibonayo ebusweni, kodwa futhi nezimo eziphezulu emoyeni.
8. Isiphetho
Ukuguquguquka komoya empeleni kuyindlela uhlelo lomoya loMhlaba olusabela ngayo emandleni elanga. Ukungalingani kokushisa kudala imingcele yokucindezela, kudala imimoya kanye nokujikeleza komhlaba, kukhulisa ukujikeleza kwamanzi, kuqhube umjikelezo wamanzi, futhi kuthonye ukwakheka kwamafu kanye nesiphepho. Ukujikeleza komhlaba kuvimbela ukugeleza komoya, kwenze amaphethini omoya abe yinkimbinkimbi, kuyilapho ukuhlukahluka komsebenzi welanga kuguqula izimo zomkhathi, ikakhulukazi emoyeni ongaphezulu.
Ukuqonda umthelela weLanga emkhathini kusisiza ukuba sifunde amaphethini esimo sezulu, sichaze ukushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu, futhi silungiselele ngisho nomthelela wesimo sezulu sasemkhathini kubuchwepheshe besimanje. Ngamanye amazwi, uma sikhuluma ngomoya, imvula, neziphepho, empeleni sixoxa ngendlela umkhathi "owacubungula" ngayo amandla elanga awela eMhlabeni nsuku zonke.
