Izakhiwo Zikagesi Zezinto Zensimbi
I-magnetism iyinto yemvelo eye yabakhanga abantu amakhulu eminyaka. Kusukela ohlangothini oluhlala njalo lwenaliti yekhampasi kuya emandleni okuphakamisa izinto ezisindayo ngama-magnet kagesi, i-magnetism idlala indima ebalulekile ezicini eziningi zokuphila komuntu. Esinye sezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu ze-magnetism ukuthi izinsimbi ezithile zisabela kanjani emasimini kazibuthe. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezakhiwo zikamazibuthe zezinto zensimbi, izinhlobo zezinto zikamazibuthe, izici zikamazibuthe ezinsimbini ezahlukahlukene, kanye nokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwalezi zakhiwo zikamazibuthe.
Isingeniso ku-Magnetism
I-Magneticism ukusebenzisana phakathi kwensimu yamagnetic nezinto ezibonakalayo. Insimu yamagnetic iyinsimu ye-vector echaza ithonya lamagnetic endaweni ethile emkhathini. Le nsimu ingadalwa ugesi kagesi (insimu yamagnetic) noma ngezinto ezibonakalayo ezihlala njalo. Impendulo yezinto ezibonakalayo ensimini yamagnetic incike ekuhleleni kwayo i-athomu kanye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi.
Izinhlobo Zezinto Ezinamandla Kakhulu
Izinto zingahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekusabeleni kwazo emasimini kazibuthe zibe izinhlobo eziningana eziyinhloko: i-diamagnetic, i-paramagnetic, i-ferromagnetic, i-antiferromagnetic, kanye ne-ferrimagnetic.
1. I-Diamagnetic:
Izinto ze-diamagnetic azinawo umzuzu we-magnetic uma kungekho nsimu yamagnetic futhi zizobangela umzuzu we-magnetic obuthakathaka kakhulu ophambene nesiqondiso sensimu yangaphandle. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-bismuth nethusi. Ngokuvamile, izinto ze-diamagnetic zibonisa ukwehla kwensimu yamagnetic futhi azigcini i-magnetization lapho insimu yangaphandle isusiwe.
2. I-Paramagnetic:
Izinto ze-paramagnetic zinezikhathi ze-athomu noma ze-molecular magnetic ezingabhangqiwe. Uma zivezwa ensimini yamagnetic, lezi zinto ziba yi-magnetized ngasensimini. Kodwa-ke, i-magnetization ibuthakathaka futhi ayiqhubeki ngemva kokususwa kwensimu yangaphandle. Izibonelo zezinto ze-paramagnetic zifaka i-aluminium, i-platinum, ne-manganese.
3. I-Ferromagnetic:
I-Ferromagnetism iyimpahla yezinsimbi ezifana nensimbi, i-cobalt, ne-nickel, lapho ama-athomu akuzo evame ukuvumelanisa izikhathi zawo zamagnetic ngendlela efanayo. Lokhu kuphumela ekuzivumelaniseni okunamandla ngisho noma kungekho nsimu yamagnetic yangaphandle. Ama-Ferromagnet anezici ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-magnetic hysteresis kanye ne-magnetic retentivity.
4. I-Antiferromagnetic:
Ezintweni ezilwa ne-ferromagnetic, izikhathi zikagesi zama-athomu noma ama-molecule aseduze zivame ukuziqondisa njengezingalingani, okuholela emasimini kazibuthe angenalutho noma amancane kakhulu. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, i-antiferromagnetism ivame ukuzinza kakhulu. Isibonelo salokhu okubalulekile yi-magnetite (FeO).
5. I-Ferrimagnetic:
Izinto ze-Ferrimagnetic ezifana ne-magnetite (Fe3O4) zinezikhathi ze-magnetic ezingalingani, okuholela ekuziphatheni okuxhomeke ekuqondeni. I-Ferrimagnetism iyisisekelo sezinto eziningi ze-ceramic ezisetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe besimanje.
Uzibuthe Ezintweni Zensimbi
Uhlobo ngalunye lwensimbi lunesakhiwo se-athomu esihlukile, ngakho-ke impendulo yalo emasimini kazibuthe iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Izinsimbi ezivame ukufundwa ngomongo we-magnetism yinsimbi, i-cobalt, i-nickel, kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezifana ne-permaloy (i-nickel-iron alloy).
1. Insimbi (Fe):
Insimbi iyisibonelo esiyinhloko sensimbi ye-ferromagnetic. Ama-athomu ensimbi anezikhathi zamagnetic ezihlelwe ngendlela eyindilinga, okuvumela insimbi ukuthi igcine i-magnetization yayo uma kungekho nsimu yangaphandle. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, njengamazinga okushisa ku-zero Kelvin, zonke izikhathi zamagnetic zensimbi zihambisana kahle, zikhiqize insimu yamagnetic enamandla kakhulu.
2. I-Cobalt (Inkampani):
Njengensimbi, i-cobalt nayo iyinsimbi ye-ferromagnetic. Kodwa-ke, i-cobalt inesakhiwo sekristalu esihlukile esibizwa ngokuthi i-hexagonal close-packed. Lesi sakhiwo siyinika izakhiwo zayo ezihlukile ze-magnetic, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa eliphakeme le-Curie (cishe i-1388 K uma kuqhathaniswa ne-1043 K yensimbi).
3. I-Nickel (Ni):
I-Nickel ingenye insimbi ye-ferromagnetic. I-Nickel inesakhiwo sekristalu se-cubic (fcc) esisebusweni, esisinikeza izakhiwo ze-magnetic ezifana nezensimbi kodwa ezinomehluko obalulekile, njengokwehliswa kwe-saturation magnetization.
4. Ama-alloy e-Ferromagnetic:
Ama-alloy alezi zinsimbi avame ukubonisa izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele zamagnetic ezingatholakali ezintweni ezihlanzekile. Isibonelo, i-permaloy inezakhiwo eziphezulu kakhulu zamagnetic naphezu kokuthi ngokuyinhloko iyi-nickel. Lokhu kungenxa yokusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwama-athomu e-nickel nensimbi esakhiweni se-alloy.
Izicelo ZikaMagnetic Empilweni Yansuku Zonke
Ubudebudu bezinto zensimbi bunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezicelo ezibalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe besimanje kanye nemboni. Ezinye zalezi zicelo zifaka:
1. Isitoreji Sedatha:
Isitoreji sedatha yamagnetic, njengakuma-hard disk drive (ama-HDD) kanye nama-tape drive, siyindlela eyinhloko yokusebenzisa izakhiwo ze-ferromagnetic zezinsimbi. Izinto ze-Ferromagnetic zisetshenziselwa ukuqopha ulwazi ngesimo sezizinda zamagnetic.
2. Amajeneretha kanye namaMoto kagesi:
Amajeneretha kagesi nama-motor asebenzisa isimiso sokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic. Ama-rotor nama-stator kumajeneretha nama-motor avame ukwenziwa ngensimbi noma ezinye i-ferromagnetic alloys ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla kagesi.
3. I-Transformer:
Ama-transformer asetshenziselwa ukukhulisa nokwehlisa i-voltage ezinhlelweni zokusatshalaliswa kukagesi. Ama-transformer cores ngokuvamile enziwa nge-silicon iron, enezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ze-magnetic zokwandisa ukusebenza kahle.
4. Imishini Ye-elekthronikhi Nezinzwa:
I-Ferrite iyinto ye-ferrimagnetic esetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-elekthronikhi, njenge-radio antenna cores, izinzwa zensimu yamagnetic, kanye nama-inductor.
I-Penutup
Ukuqonda izakhiwo zikagesi ezisebenzisa izinto zensimbi kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe besimanje. Kusukela ku-physics eyisisekelo kuya ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo, amandla kazibuthe ezinto zensimbi ayaqhubeka nokuba yinsimu ethakazelisayo nevuzayo yocwaningo kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Ngokuqonda izici kanye nezimpendulo zezinsimbi ezahlukahlukene kumasimu kazibuthe, singenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwazo kumadivayisi nezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe, ekugcineni sihlangabezane nezidingo zabantu futhi sithuthukise ikhwalithi yokuphila.
