Izakhiwo Zikagesi Nezokushisa Zensimbi
Izinsimbi ziyizinto ezibe umgogodla wentuthuko yempucuko yabantu. Ukusetshenziswa kwazo ezimbonini ezahlukene, kusukela ekwakheni kuya ku-elekthronikhi, akunakunganakwa. Ukuhluka kwezinsimbi kusezicini zazo ezingavamile zikagesi nezokushisa. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ngokujulile izakhiwo zikagesi nezokushisa zezinsimbi kanye nemiphumela yazo ezinhlelweni ezahlukene kanye nobuchwepheshe.
Izakhiwo Zikagesi Zensimbi
Izakhiwo zikagesi zezinsimbi zichaza ikhono lazo lokuqhuba ugesi. Ezingeni le-athomu, izinsimbi zakhiwa ama-athomu ahlelwe ku-crystal lattice. Isici esibalulekile ukuba khona kwama-electron akhululekile angaboshelwe ngokuqinile ku-nucleus ye-athomu, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ama-electron okuqhuba." Lawa ma-electron asebenza njengabathwali be-electric charge futhi avumela izinsimbi ukuthi ziqhube ugesi kahle.
Ukuqhuba Kagesi
Ukuqhuba kukagesi kuyindlela yokulinganisa ikhono lento yokuqhuba ugesi. Izinsimbi ngokuvamile ziqhuba ugesi kakhulu. Ithusi (Cu) kanye ne-aluminium (Al) ziyizibonelo zezinsimbi eziqhuba ugesi kahle kakhulu. Lokhu kuzenza zithandeke kakhulu embonini yekhebula kanye ne-elekthronikhi.
Omunye wemithetho echaza ukuqhutshwa kukagesi uMthetho ka-Ohm, othi ugesi ogeleza ngomshini ulingana nogesi (V) futhi ulingana nogesi (R), ovezwe ku-equation elula: I = V/R. Ezinsimbini, ukumelana ngokuvamile kuphansi, ngakho-ke ugesi omkhulu ungageleza ngama-voltage aphansi kakhulu.
Isici Sokumelana Nokumelana
I-inverse of conductivity yi-resistivity, okuyisilinganiso sokuthi into ethile iphikisana kangakanani nokugeleza kukagesi. I-Resistivity ivame ukuthonywa ukwakheka kwezinto, izinga lokushisa, kanye nesakhiwo sekristalu. Izinsimbi ezifana nesiliva (Ag) negolide (Au) zine-resistivities ephansi kakhulu, okwenza zibe zilungele ukusetshenziswa kumadivayisi kagesi anembe kakhulu.
Isici sokumelana siyahlukahluka futhi ngokushisa. Ngokuvamile, ukumelana kuyanda ngokushisa ngenxa yokudlidliza kwama-athomu ku-lattice, okuvimbela ukugeleza kwama-electron.
Izakhiwo Zokushisa Zensimbi
Izakhiwo zokushisa zihlanganisa ikhono lensimbi lokumunca, ukugcina, nokuhambisa ukushisa. Lezi zakhiwo zokushisa zibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okubandakanya ukudluliselwa kokushisa kanye nokulawula izinga lokushisa, njengezinki zokushisa kumadivayisi kagesi noma izinto zokwakha ezigcina ukushisa.
Ukuqhuba Okushisayo
Ukushisa okushisayo yikhono lento ethile lokuqhuba ukushisa. Izinsimbi zinamandla okushisa aphezulu ngoba ama-electron akhululekile angahamba futhi adlulise amandla okushisa ngendlela ephumelelayo nge-crystal lattice. Izinsimbi ezifana nethusi, i-aluminium, nesiliva ziyiziqhubi zokushisa ezinhle kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi njengento eqhuba ukushisa ekuqaleni kwakusetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-radiator, kuma-cooler enjini, nasezitsheni zokupheka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsimbi ezinokushisa okuphezulu zisetshenziswa nasebuchwephesheni besimanje njengezinki zokushisa kuma-processor ekhompyutha, ezenzelwe ukumunca nokukhulula ukushisa ngokushesha ukuvimbela amadivayisi kagesi ekushiseni ngokweqile.
Amandla Okushisa
Umthamo wokushisa yinani lamandla adingekayo ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa lesisindo sezinto nge-degree Celsius eyodwa. Umthamo wokushisa wezinsimbi ngokuvamile uphansi kunalowo ongewona izinsimbi noma ama-compounds, okusho ukuthi izinsimbi zingakhula noma zehle ngokushesha ekushiseni. Isibonelo, insimbi inomthamo othize wokushisa ongaba ngu-0.45 J/g°C, ongaphansi kunalowo wamanzi, ongaba ngu-4.18 J/g°C.
Ukusebenzisana Kwezakhiwo Zikagesi Nezokushisa
Izakhiwo zikagesi nezokushisa zezinsimbi ziyasebenzisana ngendlela echazwe ngumthetho we-Wiedemann-Franz. Lo mthetho uthi isilinganiso sokuqhuba ukushisa (κ) nokuqhuba kagesi (σ) ensimbini silingana njalo nokushisa okuphelele (T) kwezinto. Ifomula ithi:
\[ \frac{κ}{σ} = L \cdot T \]
lapho u-L eyi-constant ye-Lorenz. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ensimbini efanayo, ukuhanjiswa kokushisa kuhlobene ngqo nokuhanjiswa kukagesi, okusho ukuthi insimbi engumqhubi omuhle kagesi nayo iyi-conductor enhle yokushisa.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezakhiwo Zikagesi Nezokushisa Zensimbi
Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezinsimbi ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zobuchwepheshe kubonisa ukubaluleka kokuqonda nokusebenzisa izakhiwo zazo zikagesi nezokushisa. Nazi ezinye izibonelo:
Izinto zikagesi kanye nogesi
– Amakhebula Kagesi: Ithusi ne-aluminium zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezikhombisi zikagesi ezintanjeni ngenxa yokuqhuba kwazo ugesi okuphezulu.
– Ama-Microchip: Amadivayisi amancane kagesi afana nama-microchip asebenzisa izendlalelo zensimbi ezifana ne-aluminium noma ithusi emigwaqweni yokuhambisa ugesi.
– Izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi: Igolide lisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ze-elekthronikhi ngoba ngaphandle kokuhamba kwayo okuphezulu kukagesi, igolide aligugi.
Ukupholisa Nokulawula Ukushisa
– Izinki Zokushisa: I-Aluminium isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-heat sink kumakhompyutha nakwezinye izinto zikagesi ngenxa yokushisa kwayo okuphezulu kanye nesisindo sayo esincane.
– Irediyetha: Izinhlelo zokupholisa injini, njengezirediyetha ezimotweni, zisebenzisa izinto zensimbi ezifana ne-aluminium noma ithusi ukuze zisebenze kahle kakhulu ekudluliseni ukushisa.
Izakhiwo kanye Nengqalasizinda
– Izakhiwo Zokwakha: Insimbi isetshenziswa ekwakheni ngoba ayigcini nje ngokuba namandla futhi ihlala isikhathi eside, kodwa futhi inezakhiwo ezanele zokushisa ukulawula ukwanda kanye nokuncipha ngenxa yokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa.
– Uphahla Olumbozwayo: Izinsimbi ezifana ne-Aluminium ne-Copper zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zophahla ngenxa yamakhono azo okubuyisa ukushisa okuhle, okugcina izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo lilawulwa.
Isiphetho
Izakhiwo zikagesi nezokushisa zezinsimbi ziyizici ezimbili eziyisisekelo ezenza lezi zinto zibe usizo kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe besimanje. Amandla azo okuqhuba ugesi nokushisa ngempumelelo avula amathuba amaningi ezinhlelweni ezihlobene namandla, ukwakhiwa, kanye ne-elekthronikhi. Ukuqonda lezi zakhiwo kubalulekile hhayi nje konjiniyela nososayensi kodwa nakubathuthukisi bezobuchwepheshe abafuna ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusebenza emisha yesikhathi esizayo.
Kusukela ezintanjeni zikagesi kuya ezitsheni zokushisa, kusukela ezakhiweni zokwakha kuya kuma-microchip, izakhiwo zikagesi nezokushisa zezinsimbi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni nasekuthuthukiseni impucuko yethu. Ngocwaningo oluqhubekayo nentuthuko, ukuqonda kwethu lezi zakhiwo kuzoqhubeka nokukhula, okunikeza amathuba ajabulisayo nakakhulu okusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi emikhakheni eminingi yezobuchwepheshe.
