Ukucutshungulwa Kwegolide Nesiliva: Izinqubo Zanamuhla, Amasu, kanye Nobuchwepheshe
I-Pendahuluan
Igolide nesiliva kuyizinsimbi eziyigugu eziye zaziswa iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ngenxa yobuhle bazo, ukutholakala kwazo, kanye nenani lazo kwezomnotho. Lezi zinsimbi azisetshenziswa kuphela ebucwebeni nasezintweni eziyigugu kodwa nasezisetshenzisweni ezahlukene zezimboni. Ukuthola igolide nesiliva ezinsimbini zazo kudinga inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokucubungula ehilela ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene. Lesi sihloko sizohlola izindlela zokucubungula izinsimbi zegolide nesiliva ngokujulile, kusukela ekuhloleni nasekukhipheni kuya ekucwengisisweni.
1. Ukuhlola kanye Nezimayini
1.1 Ukuhlola
Inqubo yokucubungula igolide nesiliva iqala ngokuhlola, inqubo yokuthola amadiphozithi amaminerali aqukethe izinsimbi eziyigugu. Izindlela ezivamile ezisetshenziswa ekuhloleni zifaka phakathi ukuhlola kwe-geological, i-geochemical, kanye ne-geophysical. Izazi ze-geology zidweba izindawo ezingaba khona, zenze amasampula, futhi zihlaziye amasampula ukuqinisekisa ukuba khona kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-ore.
1.2 Ukumba
Uma sekutholakale idiphozithi, ukumba kuqala. Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokumba igolide nesiliva: ukumba ngaphansi komhlaba kanye nokumba emgodini ovulekile. Ukumba ngaphansi komhlaba kuhilela ukufaka imihubhe ngaphansi komhlaba, kanti ukumba emgodini ovulekile kuhilela ukumba indawo kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa idiphozithi yensimbi. Ukukhetha indlela kuncike endaweni, ukujula, kanye nosayizi wediphozithi.
2. Ukucutshungulwa Kwegolide Nesiliva
2.1 Ukuphula Nokugaya
Ngemva kokumbiwa kwe-ore, isinyathelo sokuqala ekucubungulweni ukuchoboza noma ukugaya ukuze kuncishiswe usayizi wezinhlayiya ze-ore. Imisebenzi yokuchoboza yenziwa kusetshenziswa imishini efana ne-jaw crushers kanye ne-cone crushers, kuyilapho ukugaya kuvame ukuhilela ama-ball mill noma ama-rod mill. Ukunciphisa usayizi wezinhlayiya ze-ore kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinsimbi eziyigugu zingakhishwa kahle ezigabeni ezilandelayo.
2.2 Inqubo Yokugxilisa Ukugxila
Inhloso eyinhloko yokuhlushwa ukuhlukanisa amaminerali ayigugu kumaminerali angabalulekile kangako, noma i-gangue. Kungasetshenziswa amasu amaningana:
2.2.1 Ukuntanta
Ukuntanta kuyindlela yokuhlukanisa esebenzisa umehluko ezimpahleni zamaminerali ukuze ihlukanise izinhlayiya ezibalulekile kwezingabalulekile. I-ore slurry ixutshwa namanzi kanye ne-flotation reagent, bese ivuselelwa esitokisini sokuntanta, okwenza amaminerali aphethe igolide nesiliva antante phezulu abe yigwebu bese ehlukaniswa, kuyilapho i-gangue ihlala phansi esitokisini.
2.2.2 Amandla adonsela phansi
Izindlela zamandla adonsela phansi zihlukanisa izinhlayiya ze-ore ngokusekelwe ekwehlukeni kobuningi. Ama-concentrator adonsela phansi afana namabhokisi okucwilisa, ama-concentrator ajikelezayo, nama-jig asetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa izinhlayiya ezisindayo (eziqukethe izinsimbi eziyigugu) ezinhlayiyeni ezikhanyayo (i-gangue).
2.3 Ukukhipha
2.3.1 Inqubo Yokufaka I-Cyanidation
I-Cyanidation ingenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ukukhipha igolide nesiliva ku-ore. I-ore ehlanganisiwe ixutshwa nesisombululo se-cyanide ethangini. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwegolide ne-cyanide kukhiqiza i-complex yegolide ne-cyanide encibilikayo emanzini. Igolide libe selikhishwa kusuka kusisombululo se-cyanide kusetshenziswa i-zinc powder noma lifakwe ku-activated carbon.
2.3.2 Ukuhlanganiswa
Ukuhlanganiswa kuyindlela yasendulo ehilela ukusebenzisa i-mercury ukwakha i-amalgam ngegolide. Igolide eliqukethwe ku-ore liphendula ne-mercury ukuze lakhe i-amalgam, bese lishiswa ukuze lishise i-mercury, kushiye igolide elihlanzekile. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemiphumela ye-mercury kwezemvelo nasempilweni, le ndlela iye yashiywa kakhulu.
2.3.3 Ukuhlanzwa Kwenqwaba Yezinqwaba
Ukukhipha inqwaba kungenye indlela yokukhipha esetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-ore asezingeni eliphansi. I-ore inqwabelana ezindundumeni ezakhiwe phezu kwezingxenye ezingavuzi. Isixazululo se-cyanide sifuthwa phezu kwe-ore, esingena futhi sincibilikise igolide nesiliva. Isixazululo esinensimbi siyaqoqwa bese sicutshungulwa kabanzi.
3. Ukuhlanzwa
3.1 I-Electrolysis
Inqubo ye-electrolysis isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza izinsimbi zegolide nezesiliva. Esitokisini se-electrolytic, i-anode yenziwe ngensimbi engcolile kanti i-cathode yenziwe ngensimbi emsulwa. Uma ugesi udlula kuyo, insimbi emsulwa izowela ku-cathode, kuyilapho ukungcola kuhlala kusisombululo noma kuphume njengokugeleza.
3.2 Ukufakwa kwe-chlorine
I-chlorine iyindlela yokucwenga ehilela ukwakheka kwama-chloride aguquguqukayo avela ekungcoleni. Lapho i-ore noma i-concentrate ishiswa ngegesi ye-chlorine, ukungcola okufana nethusi, insimbi, ne-zinc kuyasabela futhi kuyahwamuka, kuyilapho igolide nesiliva kungathinteki futhi kuhlala kusesimweni sako esimsulwa.
4. Ukusimama kanye nomthelela kwezemvelo
Ukucubungula igolide nesiliva kunemiphumela emibi kakhulu kwezemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, inhlabathi, nomoya. I-cyanidation, isibonelo, ingadala imfucuza enobuthi edinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela. Ngakho-ke, amasu okuqapha asebenzayo kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuphatha imfucuza kubalulekile ekunciphiseni imiphumela emibi kwezemvelo.
Ukumba ngokwethembeka kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwemikhuba emihle kakhulu, njengokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusebenzayo, ukuvuselelwa kwamanzi, ukuphathwa kwezindawo ezisele ngokuphephile, kanye nokubuyiselwa komhlaba ngemva kokumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho eqinile yezemvelo kanye nokuqapha okuqinile kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yokumba kanye nokucubungula insimbi yenziwa ngendlela eqhubekayo.
Isiphetho
Ukucutshungulwa kwegolide nesiliva kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, kusukela ekuhloleni kuya ekucwengisisweni. Kusetshenziswa amasu ahlukahlukene esimanje kanye nobuchwepheshe, lezi zinsimbi eziyigugu zingakhishwa futhi zicwengisiswe ngempumelelo ephezulu. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe eqhubekayo, izinselele zemvelo zisalokhu ziyinkinga ebalulekile okumele ixazululwe ngokusebenzisa imikhuba yokumba enesibopho neqhubekayo. Ngemizamo yokubambisana phakathi kwemboni, uhulumeni, kanye nomphakathi, kunethemba lokuthi ukucutshungulwa kwegolide nesiliva kungaqhubeka nokunikeza izinzuzo zomnotho ngaphandle kokulimaza imvelo yoMhlaba.
