Ukusetshenziswa Kwamasu Okukhipha Izinto Ensimbini
1. Pendahuluan
I-Metallurgy iyigatsha lesayensi nobuchwepheshe eliphathelene nokucubungula nokukhiqizwa kwezinto ezivela ezinsimbini. Le nqubo ihilela izindlela eziningi namasu ahlukahlukene, enye yazo ebaluleke kakhulu ukukhishwa. Ukukhishwa, ngokomongo we-metallurgy, kubhekisela enkambisweni yokuhlukanisa izinsimbi ezinsimbini noma kwezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngamasu ahlukahlukene okukhishwa asetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwe-metallurgy, ukusetshenziswa kwawo, kanye nezinzuzo nezinselele zalo ngalinye.
2. Incazelo kanye Nemibono Eyisisekelo Yezindlela Zokukhipha
Ukukhipha insimbi inqubo yokuhlukanisa into noma ingxenye engxubeni kusetshenziswa isinyibilikisi noma enye indlela efanelekile. Ekwenzeni insimbi, amasu okukhipha asetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa izinsimbi eziyigugu ezinsimbini zazo noma ezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa. Izinsimbi ngokuvamile zakhiwa amaminerali aqukethe izinsimbi ngendlela yama-oxide, ama-sulfide, ama-silicates, noma ezinye izinhlobo. Ukukhipha izinsimbi ezinsimbini ngokuvamile kudinga izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zamakhemikhali nezomzimba.
3. Amasu Okukhipha Izinto Ensimbini
3.1. I-Pyrometallurgy
I-pyrometallurgy ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu ukukhipha izinsimbi ematsheni azo. Izinqubo ze-pyrometallurgical zivame ukuhilela izinyathelo ezifana nokuncibilikisa, ukugaya, kanye nokuncibilikisa. Isibonelo esivame kakhulu sale nqubo ukuncibilikisa insimbi ibe yinsimbi ewuketshezi esithandweni somlilo.
1. Ukuncibilikisa: I-iron ore ixutshwa ne-coke (umthombo wekhabhoni) kanye ne-limestone bese ishiswa esithandweni somlilo. Le nqubo ikhiqiza i-iron encibilikisiwe, engacutshungulwa kabusha ukuze kwenziwe insimbi.
2. Ukulinganisa: Le nqubo ihilela ukushisa i-ore ekushiseni okuphezulu kodwa ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sayo sokuncibilika ukuze kususwe ukungcola, ikakhulukazi izinto eziguquguqukayo.
3. Ukunciphisa: Izinsimbi eziku-ore zivame ukuba khona njengama-oxide compounds futhi zidinga ukuncishiswa. Isibonelo ukuncipha kwe-iron oxide ibe yi-iron kusetshenziswa ikhabhoni njenge-reducing agent.
3.2. I-Hydrometallurgy
I-hydrometallurgy ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwezixazululo zamakhemikhali ukukhipha izinsimbi ku-ore. Le nqubo inezinyathelo ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuhlanzwa, ukucwengwa, kanye nokwehliswa kwemvula.
1. Ukuvuza: I-ore ixutshwa nesinyibilikisi esiwuketshezi (ngokuvamile i-asidi noma isisekelo) ukuze kuncibilikiswe insimbi. Isibonelo esivamile ukuvuza kwethusi kusetshenziswa i-sulfuric acid ukuthola isisombululo se-copper sulfate.
2. Ukuhlanza: Isixazululo esikhishwe amanzi siyahlanzwa ukuze kususwe ukungcola nezinto ezingafuneki. Izindlela ezifana nokukhipha i-solvent, i-selective precipitation, noma ukushintshaniswa kwama-ion zingasetshenziswa.
3. Ukuna kwemvula: Insimbi bese iphinda inanyekwe kusukela esixazululweni. Amasu okuwina ngogesi avame ukusetshenziswa kulesi sinyathelo, lapho isisombululo sifakwa esitokisini se-electrolytic bese insimbi ifakwa ku-cathode.
3.3. I-Electrometallurgy
I-Electrometallurgy ihilela ukusebenzisa ugesi ukuze kukhishwe izinsimbi ematsheni noma ezixazululweni. Lawa masu ahlanganisa i-electrolysis kanye ne-electrowinning.
1. I-Electrolysis: Ukusebenzisa ugesi kagesi ukuhlukanisa izakhi zamakhemikhali ku-electrolyte. Le nqubo ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukucwengisisa insimbi, njenge-electrolysis yethusi, lapho ithusi elimsulwa lifakwa khona ku-cathode.
2. Ukunqoba ngogesi: Ukukhipha insimbi esixazululweni kusetshenziswa ugesi. Isibonelo inqubo yeHall-Héroult yokukhipha i-aluminium ku-alumina encibilikisiwe.
4. Ukusetshenziswa Okungokoqobo Kwezindlela Zokukhipha
4.1. Imboni Yensimbi Nensimbi
Amasu e-pyrometallurgy abusa imboni yensimbi nensimbi. Yilapho i-iron ore ekhishwa ngokunciphisa ikhabhoni esithandweni sokuqhuma iguqulwa ibe yinsimbi encibilikisiwe, bese ihlanganiswa nezinye izinto ukwenza izinhlobo ezahlukene zensimbi.
4.2. Ukukhishwa kwegolide nesiliva
I-Hydrometallurgy ibalulekile embonini yezimayini zegolide nesiliva. I-Cyanidation iyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa, lapho i-ore yegolide incibilikiswa khona kwisisombululo se-cyanide ukuze igolide likhishwe esixazululweni kusetshenziswa i-zinc noma ezinye izindlela.
4.3. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Aluminium
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium kusebenzisa amasu e-electrometallurgy. Inqubo ye-Hall-Héroult isebenzisa ugesi ukuze inciphise i-aluminium ibe yi-aluminium ewuketshezi. Le ndlela idinga amandla amaningi kodwa iyasebenza kahle ekukhiqizeni i-aluminium esezingeni eliphezulu.
5. Izinzuzo kanye Nezinselele Zobuchwepheshe Bokukhipha Imbewu
5.1. Izinzuzo
1. Ukusebenza Kahle Kakhulu: Amasu okukhipha anamuhla avumela ukubuyiswa kwezinsimbi eziningi ezivela ematshe ayigugu ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu.
2. Ikhwalithi Yomkhiqizo: Inqubo enhle yokukhipha ivumela ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi ezihlanzekile kakhulu ezidingeka kakhulu embonini.
3. Ukucutshungulwa Kwensimbi Eyinkimbinkimbi: Amasu okukhipha avumela ukucutshungulwa kwensimbi enezinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingenakucutshungulwa ngezindlela ezilula.
5.2. Izinselele
1. Izindleko Zamandla: Amasu e-pyrometallurgy kanye ne-electrometallurgy adinga amandla amaningi, ngakho-ke izindleko zokukhiqiza zingaba phezulu.
2. Umthelela Kwezemvelo: Izinqubo zokukhipha imfucuza zivame ukukhiqiza imfucuza kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi okuthinta kabi imvelo. Ukuphathwa kwemfucuza kanye nokungcola kuyinselele enkulu.
3. Ukuphepha: Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi e-hydrometallurgy kanye nasezimweni zokushisa okuphezulu e-pyrometallurgy kubeka izingozi zokuphepha kubasebenzi.
6. Intuthuko Yamuva Nezindlela Zesikhathi Esizayo
Imboni yezinsimbi iyaqhubeka nokukhula ngokuvela kobuchwepheshe obusha, obusebenza kahle futhi obunobungani nemvelo. Ezinye izitayela ezibalulekile zifaka:
1. Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla Avuselelekayo: Ukunciphisa ukuncika kumafutha asetshenziswayo ngokuhlanganisa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo enkambisweni yokukhipha.
2. Ukubuyisa Nokusebenzisa Kabusha: Gxila ekubuyiseni izinsimbi ezisusiwe emfucumfucwini yezimboni nasezindaweni ezilahliwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zemvelo.
3. I-Nanotechnology: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-nanotechnology ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokukhetha enqubweni yokukhipha.
7. Isiphetho
Amasu okukhipha ayinto ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwensimbi, esiza ekubuyiselweni kwezinsimbi kusuka kuma-ore nakwezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa. I-pyrometallurgy, i-hydrometallurgy, kanye ne-electrometallurgy yizindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa embonini, ngayinye inezinhlelo zayo ezithile, izinzuzo, kanye nezinselele. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka futhi kugxilwe ekusebenzeni kahle nasekusimeni kuyanda, amasu okukhipha ku-metallurgy azoqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezimboni kanye nezemvelo.
