Indlela Ezenziwa Ngayo Izinsimbi Ezingenalo Insimbi
Izinsimbi ezingezona insimbi, noma izinsimbi ezingezona insimbi, yizinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi futhi ezingezona insimbi ezisebenzisa amandla kazibuthe. Izibonelo ezivamile zezinsimbi ezingezona insimbi zifaka i-aluminium, ithusi, i-tin, i-nickel, i-titanium, kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezifana nethusi nethusi. Izinsimbi ezingezona insimbi zinezici eziphakeme ezenza zibaluleke ezinhlobonhlobo zobunjiniyela kanye nezicelo zezimboni, kufaka phakathi ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuhanjiswa kukagesi, kanye namandla ngenkathi zilula. Lesi sihloko sizobuyekeza inqubo yokukhiqiza izinsimbi ezingezona insimbi, kusukela ekukhishweni kusuka ku-ore kuya ekucutshungulweni kokugcina okudala umkhiqizo oqediwe.
Ukukhishwa Nokucwengisiswa Kwensimbi
Inqubo yokukhiqiza izinsimbi ezingezona insimbi iqala ngokukhishwa kwensimbi emvelweni. Amatshe amaminerali aqukethe izinsimbi ngesimo samakhemikhali noma izingxube nezinye izinto. Uhlobo lwensimbi esetshenziswayo luncike ensimbini ekhishwayo. Isibonelo, i-bauxite isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-aluminium, kuyilapho i-bornite ne-chalcopyrite zisetshenziselwa ithusi.
Inqubo yokukhipha ngokuvamile ihilela izigaba eziningana: ukumbiwa, ukuthuthwa, kanye nokucutshungulwa kwe-ore.
1. Ukumba: I-ore imbiwa ebusweni noma ngaphansi kobuso kusetshenziswa izindlela zokumba ezivulekile noma ezingaphansi komhlaba. Indlela yokumba ikhethwa ngokusekelwe endaweni kanye nekhwalithi ye-ore.
2. Ezokuthutha: Ngemva kokumba, i-ore ithuthwa iye esitshalweni sokucubungula kusetshenziswa amaloli, izitimela, noma ezinye izinhlelo zokuhamba. Kuleli qophelo, i-ore ivame ukuba nengxube yamanye amatshe okumele ahlukaniswe.
3. Ukucutshungulwa Kwetshe Eliyigugu: Isigaba sokuqala sokucutshungulwa kwetshe eliyigugu ukuchoboza, lapho itshe elikhulu liqhekeka libe yizicucu ezincane. Ngemva kokuchoboza, kwenziwa inqubo yokuhluza ukuze kuhlukaniswe insimbi netshe lonke. Izindlela ezivamile zifaka phakathi ukuntanta kwetshe eliyigugu, amandla adonsela phansi, amandla kazibuthe, kanye nokuhluza kwe-electrostatic.
Ukunciphisa Nokuncibilikisa
Uma i-ore isigxilile, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuguqula amaminerali aqukethe insimbi abe yinsimbi emsulwa ngokunciphisa nokuncibilikisa. Le nqubo iyahlukahluka ngensimbi ngayinye, kodwa izimiso eziyisisekelo ziyafana.
1. Ukunciphisa: Inqubo yokunciphisa isusa umoya-mpilo kumakhemikhali e-metal oxides, okuholela ensimbini emsulwa. Isibonelo, i-bauxite oxide incishiswa ibe yi-aluminium kusetshenziswa indlela yezimboni eyaziwa ngokuthi inqubo ye-Hall-Héroult, lapho kusetshenziswa khona ugesi ukuhlukanisa i-aluminium ne-aluminium oxide encibilikisiwe.
2. Ukuncibilikisa: Ukuncibilikisa kuhilela ukushisa i-ore noma i-metal concentrate kuze kufike lapho incibilikisa khona ukuze kuhlukaniswe insimbi nokungcola okusele noma “i-slag.” Endabeni yethusi, inqubo yokuncibilikisa ivame ukuhilela izigaba eziningana, okuhlanganisa ukuncibilikisa, ukucwenga, kanye nokuphonswa ukuze kukhiqizwe ithusi elimsulwa.
Ukucwengisisa Okuqhubekayo
Ngemva kokunciphisa nokuncibilikisa, insimbi ephumayo ingase isaqukethe inani elincane lokungcola. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka izinqubo ezengeziwe zokucwenga ukuze kufezwe ubumsulwa obufunekayo.
1. Ukucwenga Nge-Electrolytic: Enye indlela evame ukusetshenziswa ukucwenga nge-electrolytic, lapho insimbi encibilikisiwe ifakwa khona esixazululweni se-electrolyte, bese kusetshenziswa ugesi ukuhambisa ama-ion ensimbi kusuka ku-anode (insimbi engcolile) kuya ku-cathode (insimbi emsulwa). Le ndlela iyasebenza kakhulu ekucwengeni izinsimbi ezifana nethusi ne-aluminium.
2. Ukuhluza kanye nokuSublima: Le ndlela isetshenziselwa izinsimbi ezinezinga lokubila elihlukile kunokungcola kwazo. Izibonelo zezinsimbi ezicutshungulwa ngale ndlela zifaka phakathi i-zinc kanye ne-lead.
Ukubumba Nokubumba
Uma insimbi isifinyelele ubumsulwa obufunekayo, ingabunjwa ibe yizimo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene njengoba kudingeka. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukuphonswa.
1. Ukuthunga: Insimbi encibilikisiwe ithululelwa esikhumbeni ukuze kwakheke umkhiqizo wokugcina. Kunezindlela ezahlukene zokuthunga, okuhlanganisa ukuthunga ngesihlabathi, ukuthunga ngodayi, kanye nokuthunga ngokutshalwa kwezimali. Indlela ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.
2. Ukwakheka noma Ukugoqa: Ngemva kokuphotha, insimbi ivame ukucutshungulwa ngokuqhubekayo njengokugoqa, lapho insimbi ishiswa khona bese igoqwa ibe amashidi, izinduku, noma ezinye izimo. Amanye amasu afaka phakathi ukukhipha, lapho insimbi iphoqelelwa khona ngokusebenzisa amadayi ukuze kwakheke iphrofayili oyifunayo, kanye nokufaka, okuhlanganisa ukubumba insimbi ngokuyicindezela ngaphansi kokushisa okukhulu kanye nengcindezi.
Ukucutshungulwa Kokugcina Nokusetshenziswa
Isinyathelo sokugcina ekukhiqizweni kwensimbi engeyona insimbi ukucubungula kokugcina, okubandakanya izindlela ezahlukene zokulungisa, ukushisela, kanye nokuqeda ubuso ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemininingwane yokugcina yomkhiqizo.
1. Ukushisela Nokuhlanganisa: Izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous zingahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezikhethekile zokushisela, njenge-MIG (Metal Inert Gas) noma i-TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas), ezenzelwe izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous.
2. Ukuqedwa Komphezulu: Izindawo zensimbi zinganikezwa ukwelashwa okukhethekile ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo ezifana nokumelana nokugqwala, ukubukeka, kanye nokuqina. Amasu okuqeda umphezulu afaka phakathi i-anodizing (ye-aluminium), i-electroplating, kanye ne-polishing.
Isiphetho
Ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi ezingezona insimbi kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela izigaba eziningi, kusukela ekukhishweni kwensimbi kuya ekucutshungulweni kokugcina. Isinyathelo ngasinye kule nqubo, kusukela ekumbeni kuya ekuqedeni, senzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinsimbi zifinyelela ubumsulwa kanye nemininingwane edingekayo ekusetshenzisweni kwazo. Ukubaluleka kwezinsimbi ezingezona insimbi embonini yanamuhla akunakuphikiswa, njengoba kuvumela intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe emikhakheni efana ne-elekthronikhi, ukwakhiwa, izimoto, kanye nezindiza. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo zokukhiqiza kusinika ukuqonda okujulile ngendima ebalulekile edlalwa yizinsimbi ezingezona insimbi empilweni yansuku zonke.
