Indlela Amatshe Ensimbi Akhishwa Futhi Acutshungulwa Ngayo
I-Pendahuluan
Ukukhishwa nokucutshungulwa kwezinsimbi zensimbi kuyingxenye ebalulekile embonini yezimayini nezinsimbi. Izinsimbi zensimbi zingamatshe amaminerali aqukethe izinsimbi ngobuningi obukhulu, okwenza zikwazi ukumbiwa nokucutshungulwa ngokomnotho. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinsimbi zensimbi emvelweni, futhi ngayinye idinga indlela ehlukile yokukhishwa nokucutshungulwa ibe imikhiqizo yensimbi emsulwa. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezinqubo ezivamile ezisetshenziswa ekumbeni izinsimbi zensimbi ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo eqediwe.
Ukumbiwa Kwensimbi
I-Eksplorasi
Isinyathelo sokuqala ekukhishweni kwensimbi ukuhlola. Lesi sigaba sihilela ukusesha izindawo ezicebile ngamaminerali kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-geophysical, geochemical, kanye ne-geological. Lolu hambo lokuqala lusiza ekuboneni izindawo ezingaba khona eziqukethe izinsizakusebenza ezibalulekile zamaminerali.
Ukubhoboza
Uma indawo engaba khona isitholakele, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukumba ngokuhlola. Lokhu kuhilela ukuletha amasampula e-ore ebusweni ukuze ahlaziywe kabanzi. Ukumba futhi kusiza ukuhlola izindawo ezigciniwe ze-ore ezitholakalayo nokuqonda isakhiwo se-geological sendawo.
Izimayini
Kuye ngendawo kanye nokujula kwetshe le-ore, izindlela zokumba zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukumba emgodini ovulekile kanye nokumba ngaphansi komhlaba.
– Ukumba imigodi evulekile: Kusetshenziswa lapho i-ore iseduze nobuso. Inhlabathi kanye nedwala elingaphezulu kwayo kuyambiwa ukuze kufinyelelwe ezintweni ze-ore.
– Ukumba Ngaphansi Komhlaba: Kusetshenziswa lapho i-ore itholakala ekujuleni komhlaba. Kwakhiwa imihubhe nemihubhe ukuze kufinyelelwe ezindaweni ezisele ze-ore.
Ukucutshungulwa Kwensimbi Yensimbi
Ngemva kokuba i-ore imbiwe, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukucubungula okuhlose ukukhipha insimbi ku-ore.
Ukuchoboza Nokugaya
Amatshe amakhulu e-ore achotshozwa abe yizicucu ezincane kusetshenziswa umshini wokuchoboza. I-ore echotshoziwe ibe isigaywa ukuze ibe yimpuphu ecolekileyo. Le nqubo ibalulekile ekuhlukaniseni insimbi namaminerali angafuneki (i-gangue).
Ukuhlushwa kwe-Ore
Kulesi sigaba, izinhlayiya zensimbi zihlukaniswa nalezo ezingenalo inani lezomnotho. Izindlela ezivamile zokuhluza zihlanganisa ukuntanta, amandla adonsela phansi, kanye nokushiswa kwamagnetic.
– Ukuntanta: Izinhlayiya ezincane ze-ore zixutshwa ekumisweni kwamanzi. Amabhamuza omoya afakwa ukuze aphakamise izinhlayiya zensimbi ziye phezulu, kuyilapho izinhlayiya ezingafuneki zishona phansi.
– Ukuhlushwa Kwamandla Adonsela Phansi: Inqubo yokusebenzisa umehluko wobuningi phakathi kwetshe eliyigugu nelingcolile. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwama-centrifuge, ama-jig, kanye nama-trough.
– Ukuhlushwa Kwamagnetic: Kusetshenziselwa ama-ore anezakhiwo zamagnetic, njengensimbi. I-ore ibekwa ku-conveyor bese ihlukaniswa kusetshenziswa insimu enamandla yamagnetic.
Ukukhishwa Kwensimbi
Uma i-ore isigxilile, inqubo elandelayo ukukhipha insimbi ku-concentrate. Le ndlela ihilela izindlela ezahlukahlukene, ngokuvamile eziwela ezigabeni ezimbili: i-pyrometallurgy kanye ne-hydrometallurgy.
I-pyrometallurgy
I-pyrometallurgy iyindlela yokukhipha insimbi esebenzisa ukushisa. Ezinye izinqubo ze-pyrometallurgy zifaka:
– Ukuncibilikisa: I-ore iyashiswa ize incibilike, okuvumela insimbi ukuthi ihlukaniswe ne-slag. Izinto ezengeziwe ezifana nokugeleza nazo zengezwa ukusiza inqubo yokuncibilika.
– Ukuthosa: I-ore iyashiswa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kodwa ayikancibiliki ukuze ixube amaminerali e-sulfide abe ama-oxide.
– Ukwakheka kwe-Calcination: I-ore ibola ngokushisa, ngokuvamile ukuze kususwe izinto eziphilayo noma kuguqulwe ama-carbonate abe ama-oxide.
I-Hydrometallurgy
Izindlela ze-hydrometallurgical zisebenzisa izixazululo zamakhemikhali ukuhlukanisa izinsimbi ku-ore yazo. Izinqubo eziyinhloko ku-hydrometallurgy zifaka:
– Ukuvuza: I-ore imanziswa noma iniselwe ngesisombululo samakhemikhali, njenge-asidi noma isisekelo, esincibilikisa izinsimbi ngesimo sama-ion.
– Ukukhishwa Kwe-solvent: Le ndlela isebenzisa umehluko ekuncibilikeni kwensimbi ezincibilikisini ezimbili ezahlukene ukuze ihlukanise insimbi nesisombululo sokuvuza.
– Ukunqoba ngogesi: Ama-ion ensimbi esixazululweni afakwa ku-cathode yensimbi ngenqubo ye-electrolysis.
Ukucwengisisa Insimbi
Uma izinsimbi sezikhishiwe, zivame ukudinga ukuhluzwa okwengeziwe ukuze kufinyelelwe izinga elifunekayo lobumsulwa. Ezinye izindlela zokuhluzwa zifaka:
– Ukuhlanza ngogesi: Insimbi emsulwa encane iyancibilika njenge-anode ku-electrolyte bese ibekwa njengensimbi emsulwa ku-cathode.
– Indawo Yokucwenga: Induku yensimbi ikhishwa endaweni encane yokushisa. Njengoba le ndawo ihamba eduze kwenduku, ukungcola kuyaqongelela esicongweni senduku.
– Ukucwengisisa Amakhemikhali: Le nqubo ihilela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuguqula izinsimbi zibe yizinhlanganisela zesikhashana ukuze kususwe ukungcola, okube sekuguqulwa kube yinsimbi emsulwa.
Ukusetshenziswa kanye nesiphetho
Ngemva kokudlula kule nqubo ende, izinsimbi ezihlanzekile zilungele ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Izinsimbi ezifana nethusi, i-aluminium, i-nickel, insimbi, negolide zinezinhlelo eziningi kwezobuchwepheshe, ukwakha, ukukhiqiza kanye ne-elekthronikhi. Ukuqonda kahle ukukhishwa kanye nokucutshungulwa kwezinsimbi zensimbi kubalulekile ekusimeni kwemvelo, njengoba lezi zinqubo zingaba nomthelela omubi ezindaweni zemvelo zasendaweni. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo zithuthukiswa njalo ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela kwezemvelo futhi kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle.
Ngokuvamile, ukukhipha nokucubungula amatshe ensimbi kuwuchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinyathelo ezidinga ulwazi olukhethekile kweze-geology, i-chemistry, kanye nobunjiniyela bezinto zokwakha. Izindlela eziqhubekayo nezintsha ziyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwezinsimbi ezanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi ngenkathi kulondolozwa imvelo.
