Indlela Amatshe Ensimbi Akhishwa Futhi Ahlungwe Ngayo
Ukukhishwa nokuhluzwa kwezinsimbi ematsheni azo kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi neqondile, kuye ngohlobo lwensimbi ekhishwayo. Amatshe ensimbi angamatshe noma amaminerali lapho izinsimbi zingakhishwa khona ngenzuzo. Lesi sihloko sizochaza izindlela namasu asetshenziswa ekukhishweni nasekuhluzweni kwamatshe ensimbi, kanye nezinselele kanye nokusungulwa kwamuva kulo mkhakha.
1. Ukumbiwa Kwensimbi Eyigugu
Isinyathelo sokuqala enkambisweni yokukhipha insimbi ukumba i-ore emhlabeni. Ama-ore ensimbi avame ukutholakala ngesimo samaminerali ahlotshaniswa nezinto ezingezona ezensimbi. Ukumba kungenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukumba emgodini ovulekile, ukumba ngaphansi komhlaba, kanye nemithombo yokumba.
1.1 Ukumbiwa Kwemigodi Evulekile
Ukumba imigodi evulekile kuyindlela esetshenziswa ukukhipha i-ore eduze kobuso. Le ndlela ihilela ukususa izingqimba zenhlabathi namatshe ngaphezu kwe-ore ukuze kukhishwe amaminerali afunwayo. Nakuba ilula futhi ingabizi kakhulu, le ndlela ingabangela umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni.
1.2 Ukumba Ngaphansi Komhlaba
Ukumba ngaphansi komhlaba kusetshenziselwa ukukhipha i-ore etholakala ekujuleni komhlaba. Lokhu kuhilela ukwakha imigudu kanye nemigodi eqondile ngaphansi komhlaba ukuze kufinyelelwe emigodini ye-ore. Nakuba izindleko zokumba ziphakeme futhi zibeka izingozi ezinkulu ekuphepheni kwabasebenzi, le ndlela ivumela ukufinyelela ku-ore ejulile neyigugu kakhulu.
2. Ukuchoboza Nokugaya
Ngemva kokuba i-ore imbiwe, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuyiguqula ibe yisimo esicolekile ngokuyichoboza nokuyigaya. Inhloso yale nqubo ukwandisa indawo yobuso be-ore ukuze kusheshiswe izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokukhipha.
2.1 Ukubhujiswa
Ukuchoboza insimbi kwenziwa kusetshenziswa umshini wokuchoboza, okuwumshini omkhulu one-pendulum noma amazinyo amakhulu agaya insimbi ibe yizicucu ezincane. Kulesi sigaba, insimbi iyancishiswa ibe usayizi omncane ongamasentimitha ambalwa.
2.2 Ukugaywa
Ngemva kokudlula enkambisweni yokuchoboza, i-ore iyagaywa ibe yizinhlayiya ezincane kusetshenziswa umshini wokugaya ibhola noma
Ukugaya insimbi. Ukugaya kungashintsha i-ore ibe yimpuphu ecolekile, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa amaminerali ensimbi nezinto ezingezona ezensimbi.
3. Ukuhlushwa kwe-Ore
Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukwandisa ukugcwala kwamaminerali ensimbi ku-ore ngokususa izinto ezingezona ezensimbi. Izindlela eziningana eziyinhloko zisetshenziselwa ukugcwala kwe-ore, okuhlanganisa ukuntanta, amandla adonsela phansi, kanye nokushisa kwamagnetic.
3.1 Ukuntanta
I-Flotation iyindlela ye-physicochemical ehlukanisa amaminerali ngokusekelwe ekuhlukeni kwezakhiwo zawo ezingaphezulu. Kule nqubo, i-ore slurry ixutshwa namanzi kanye ne-flotation chemical, okubangela ukuthi izinhlayiya ezithile zamaminerali zinamathele kuma-bubbles omoya bese zintanta phezu kwawo. Lawa maminerali antantayo abe eseqoqwa, kuyilapho izinto ezisindayo ezingezona ezensimbi zihlala phansi.
3.2 Amandla adonsela phansi
Indlela yamandla adonsela phansi isebenzisa umehluko wobuningi phakathi kwamaminerali ensimbi nezinto ze-gangue (ezingezona ezensimbi) zokuhlukanisa. Ama-jig namatafula okuthuthumela yizibonelo zemishini esetshenziswa kule ndlela. Izinhlayiya ezisindayo ziyacwila, kuyilapho izinhlayiya ezilula zilahlwa.
3.3 Umagnetic
Ukucubungula ngemagnethi kusetshenziswa lapho i-ore iqukethe amaminerali e-ferromagnetic. I-ore idlula ensimini enamandla yamagnetic, ihlukanisa amaminerali amagnetic kwalawo angewona amagnetic. Lena indlela elula futhi ephumelelayo yama-ore afanele.
4. Ukukhishwa Kwensimbi
Uma i-ore isigxilile, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukukhipha insimbi ku-concentrate. Izindlela eziningana zingasetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa i-pyrometallurgy, i-hydrometallurgy, kanye ne-electrometallurgy.
4.1 I-Pyrometallurgy
I-pyrometallurgy yindlela ehilela ukushisa i-ore noma ukugxila emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ukuze kukhishwe izinsimbi. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ukuyosa, ukuncibilikisa, kanye nokucwenga.
4.1.1 Ukuthosa
Enqubweni yokosa, i-ore iyashiswa emoyeni ukuze kususwe i-sulfur, i-arsenic, nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo. Lokhu kuguqula i-ore ibe ama-oxide acutshungulwa kalula.
4.1.2 Ukuncibilika
Ukuncibilikisa kuhilela ukuxuba i-ore ne-flux bese uyifudumeza esithandweni. Insimbi encibilikisiwe ibe isihlukaniswa ne-slag, equkethe i-flux kanye nokungcola okungafuneki.
4.1.3 Ukuhlanzwa
Kulesi sigaba, insimbi eluhlaza etholakala ngokuncibilikisa iyacwengisiswa ukuze kususwe ukungcola. Enye indlela evamile iwukuhlanza nge-electro, esebenzisa i-electrolysis ukuhlanza insimbi.
4.2 I-Hydrometallurgy
I-Hydrometallurgy ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwezixazululo zamanzi ukuncibilikisa izinsimbi ezivela kuma-ore noma kuma-concentrate. Kusetshenziswa amasu amaningana ku-hydrometallurgy, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanzwa, ukuchelela, kanye nokubuyiselwa kwesimo sezulu.
4.2.1 Ukugeza
Ukuvuza kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwezixazululo zamakhemikhali ukuncibilikisa izinsimbi ezintweni eziqinile. Isibonelo, i-cyanidation isetshenziselwa ukukhipha igolide, kuyilapho i-sulfuric acid isetshenziselwa ukuncibilikisa ithusi kusuka kuma-oxide ores.
4.2.2 Ukuna kwemvula
Uma izinsimbi sezincibilikile, zingasuswa esixazululweni kusetshenziswa i-ejenti yokunisela. Ukunisela kuguqula insimbi kusuka esimweni sayo se-ionic ibe yinto eqinile engahlukaniswa.
4.2.3 Ukubuyiselwa
Ukubuyisa insimbi inqubo yokuqoqa izinsimbi ezixazululweni eziye zathola imvula. Lokhu kungenziwa ngezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali noma zomzimba.
4.3 I-Electrometallurgy
I-Electrometallurgy isebenzisa ugesi ukukhipha nokuhlanza izinsimbi. Isibonelo esiyinhloko inqubo ye-electrolysis, lapho ama-ion ensimbi esixazululweni edlula khona ngama-electrode ukuze akhiqize insimbi emsulwa ku-cathode.
5. Ukucwengisisa Okuqhubekayo
Uma izinsimbi sezikhishiwe, zivame ukudinga ukuhluzwa kabanzi ukuze kufezwe ubumsulwa nekhwalithi oyifunayo. Izindlela zokuhluza zifaka phakathi i-electrolysis, i-distillation, kanye nezinye izindlela zamakhemikhali.
5.1 I-Electrolysis
I-Electrolysis iyindlela esebenzisa ugesi ukuze ihlanze izinsimbi. Insimbi engacwengekile kangako ibekwa ku-anode (i-electrode enhle), bese insimbi emsulwa ibekwa ku-cathode (i-electrode engemihle). Lena indlela ephumelela kakhulu yezinsimbi ezifana nethusi, i-nickel, ne-aluminium.
5.2 Ukuhluzwa
I-distillation isetshenziselwa izinsimbi eziguquguqukayo ezifana ne-zinc ne-cadmium. Insimbi ishiswa ibe ngumhwamuko, bese ipholiswa ukuze kutholakale insimbi emsulwa.
5.3 Ukuhluzwa Kwamakhemikhali
Izindlela zokuhlanza amakhemikhali zihilela ukusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ukususa ukungcola okuthile ezinsimbini. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwama-asidi, ama-alkali, noma amakhemikhali abangela ukuvuza ukuze kususwe ukungcola okukhona ensimbini.
6. Izinselele Nokusungula Izinto Ezintsha
Ukukhishwa nokuhluzwa kwezinsimbi zensimbi kubhekene nezinselelo eziningana ezinkulu, okuhlanganisa umthelela emvelweni, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu,
kanye nezingozi zezempilo kubasebenzi. Kodwa-ke, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kuyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinselele, enye yazo okuyi-bioleaching.
6.1 I-Bioleaching
I-Bioleaching iyindlela esebenzisa ama-microorganisms ukuncibilikisa izinsimbi ezivela ema-ore. Le ndlela inobungani nemvelo futhi inciphisa isidingo samakhemikhali ayingozi. I-Bioleaching isetshenziswe ngokuhlola izinsimbi ezifana nethusi, igolide, ne-uranium.
6.2 Ubuchwepheshe Obuluhlaza
Ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza buyaqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa ukuze kwenziwe izinqubo zokukhipha nokucwenga zibe ezizinzile kakhudlwana. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, ukuvuselelwa kwensimbi, kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokwelapha imfucuza ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela emvelweni.
6.3 Amarobhothi Nokuzenzakalela
Ukusetshenziswa kwamarobhothi kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela ezimayini nasekucutshungulweni kwensimbi nakho kuyanda. Lobu buchwepheshe buyasiza ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle, ukunciphisa izingozi kubasebenzi, kanye nokwenza imisebenzi ezindaweni ezimbi kakhulu.
Isiphetho
Ukukhishwa nokuhluzwa kwezinsimbi zensimbi kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi edinga ulwazi olujulile nobuchwepheshe. Kusukela ekumbeni nasekuchobozeni kuya ekugxiliseni, ngokukhishwa nokuhluzwa, isinyathelo ngasinye sinikeza izinselele ezithile namasu okumele aphathwe ngokucophelela. Ngokusungula izinto ezintsha okuqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezindlela ezinobungani nemvelo, le nqubo iyaqhubeka nokukhula ukuze ihlangabezane nesidingo sezinsimbi ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu neqhubekayo emhlabeni.
