Incazelo kanye nezinhlobo ze-Extractive Metallurgy
I-Extractive metallurgy iyigatsha lobunjiniyela be-metallurgical elihilela izinqubo zokukhipha izinsimbi ezitsheni zazo zemvelo zamaminerali. Lezi zinqubo ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zinezinhlangothi eziningi, okudinga ukuqonda i-chemistry, i-thermodynamics, kanye nesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo. I-Extractive metallurgy ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana, kusukela ekumbiweni kwe-ore kuya ekucwengisiseni nasekuhlanzeni insimbi ekhishwe. Njengoba umuntu ezama ukungena ngokujulile kulo mkhakha, kuba sobala ukuthi kunezindlela namasu ahlukahlukene asetshenziswayo, ngalinye lifanele izinhlobo ezithile ze-ore kanye nemiphumela yensimbi efiselekayo.
Kuyini i-Extractive Metallurgy?
I-metallurgy yokukhipha izinsimbi isayensi kanye nomkhuba wokuhlukanisa izinsimbi ematsheni azo bese uzihlanza zibe sesimweni esimsulwa. Lo mkhakha oyinkimbinkimbi uhilela izinyathelo eziningana eziyisisekelo eziguqula amaminerali aluhlaza, ambiwe abe izinsimbi eziyigugu nezisebenzisekayo. Izinqubo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinsimbi ezikhishwe zinezakhiwo ezidingekayo zokusetshenziswa okuthile ezimbonini kusukela ekwakheni kuya kuma-elekthronikhi ngisho nasezindiza.
Insimu ye-extractive metallurgy ingahlukaniswa ngokuqondile ngamagatsha amathathu ayinhloko: i-pyrometallurgy, i-hydrometallurgy, kanye ne-electrometallurgy. Igatsha ngalinye lalawa lisebenzisa izimiso namasu ahlukene esayensi, ngokuvamile anqunywa uhlobo lwe-ore kanye nensimbi ezokhishwa.
I-Pyrometallurgy
I-pyrometallurgy isebenzisa izinqubo zokushisa okuphezulu ukukhipha nokuhlanza izinsimbi. Le nsimu isebenzisa amandla okushisa ukuze ikhuthaze ukuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene kwamakhemikhali nokomzimba, ikhuthaze ukubuyiswa kwensimbi kanye nokuhluzwa kwayo. Amasu avamile e-pyrometallurgical afaka phakathi ukuyosa, ukuncibilikisa, kanye nokuhluzwa.
Iyabola
Ukuthosa kuhilela ukushisa i-ore lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo, okusiza ekuboleni amaminerali nokukhulula izingxenye eziguquguqukayo. Le nqubo ivame ukuguqula i-ore ye-sulfide ibe ama-oxide, angancishiswa kalula.
Ukuncibilika
Ukuncibilikisa kuyinqubo encibilikisa i-ore ukuze ihlukanise okuqukethwe yinsimbi nokungcola noma i-gangue. Uketshezi, njenge-limestone, luvame ukungezwa ukuze lubophe ukungcola ukuze kwakheke i-slag, engasuswa, kushiye insimbi encibilikisiwe.
Ukucabanga
Ukucwenga ku-pyrometallurgy kuhilela izinqubo ezengeziwe zokushisa ukuze kuhlanzwe izinsimbi. Isibonelo, esimweni sethusi, ithusi elithambile elitholakala ngokuncibilikisa liyacwengisiswa esithandweni ukuze kususwe ukungcola okusele futhi kufinyelelwe amazinga aphezulu okuhlanzeka.
I-Hydrometallurgy
I-hydrometallurgy ihilela i-aqueous chemistry yokukhipha izinsimbi kusuka kuma-ore kanye nama-concentrates. Iwusizo kakhulu kuma-ore asezingeni eliphansi futhi ihilela izinqubo ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuhlanzwa, ukuhlushwa/ukuhlanzwa kwesisombululo, kanye nokubuyiselwa kwensimbi.
Ukuhamba
Ukuhlanzwa kwe-leaching kuyinqubo yokusebenzisa izixazululo zoketshezi, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-leachate, ukuncibilikisa amaminerali adingekayo kusuka ku-ore. Izinto ezivamile zokuhlanza i-leaching zifaka phakathi ama-acid, izisekelo, nosawoti. Isibonelo, ukuhlanzwa kwe-cyanide kusetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhishweni kwegolide, kuyilapho i-sulfuric acid ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlanzwa kwe-copper.
Ukugxila Nokuhlanzwa Kwesixazululo
Ngemva kokukhipha amanzi, isixazululo esiphumelayo sivame ukuba nengxube yezinsimbi ezincibilikisiwe kanye nokungcola. Amasu anjengokukhipha i-solvent, ukushintshaniswa kwama-ion, kanye nokwehliswa kwemvula asetshenziswa ukugxila nokuhlanza insimbi efiselekayo engxubeni.
Ukubuyiselwa Kwensimbi
Isinyathelo sokugcina ku-hydrometallurgy sihilela ukubuyisa insimbi emsulwa esixazululweni esihlanziwe. Izindlela ezinjengokuwina ngogesi, ukuqinisa, noma ukunciphisa amakhemikhali zivame ukusetshenziswa kulesi sigaba. Isibonelo, esimweni sethusi, ukunqoba ngogesi kuhilela ukudlulisa ugesi oqondile ngesisombululo esithwala ithusi ukuze kufakwe ithusi elimsulwa kumapuleti e-cathode.
I-Electrometallurgy
I-Electrometallurgy ihlanganisa izinqubo lapho amandla kagesi asetshenziswa khona ukuze kube lula ukunciphisa ama-ion ensimbi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwawo nama-ore. Amasu amabili ayinhloko kulesi sigaba ukuhlanza nge-electro kanye nokuwina nge-electro.
Electrorefining
Ukuhlanza nge-electro kuhilela ukuhlanzwa kwama-anode ensimbi angcolile kuseli le-electrolytic. I-anode engcolile iyancibilika ibe yisisombululo se-electrolyte, kuyilapho insimbi emsulwa ingena ku-cathode. Le nqubo isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlanzeni ithusi, i-nickel, kanye ne-lead.
I-Electrowining
Ukuwina ngogesi kufana nokuhlanza ngogesi kodwa kugxile ekukhipheni izinsimbi ezixazululweni ezitholakala ezinqubweni zokukhipha ugesi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi kwenza kube lula ukubuyisa nokufaka insimbi emsulwa ku-cathode.
Amasu Akhethekile
Nakuba amagatsha ashiwo ngenhla emboza ububanzi be-metallurgy yokukhipha, amasu akhethekile avame ukuhlanganisa izakhi ezivela kulezi zindlela zendabuko ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhishwa kwensimbi.
I-Bioleaching
I-Bioleaching, ingxenye encane ye-hydrometallurgy, isebenzisa ama-microorganism ukukhipha izinsimbi ematsheni ayigugu. Le ndlela enobungani nemvelo iphumelela kakhulu ekukhipheni izinsimbi ezifana nethusi negolide ematsheni ayigugu asezingeni eliphansi.
Ukucindezeleka (i-POX)
Ukushiswa kwengcindezi kuyinqubo yokucindezela okuphezulu, eshisa kakhulu esetshenziswa ku-hydrometallurgy ukushiswa kwe-ore ephikisayo, okwenza insimbi ivumelane kakhulu namasu okukhipha endabuko.
Izicelo kanye Nemiphumela
I-metallurgy yokukhipha izinsimbi ibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezinsimbi eziningi ezibalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe besimanje kanye nengqalasizinda. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuhlanganisa izimboni eziningi:
– Ithusi: Lisetshenziswa ekuxhumeni izintambo zikagesi kanye namapayipi.
– Igolide: Libalulekile kuma-elekthronikhi futhi liyimpahla yezezimali.
– I-Aluminium: Ibalulekile ezindiza, ekupakisheni nasekuthuthweni.
– Insimbi Nensimbi: Kubalulekile ekwakheni, ezimotweni, nasemishinini esindayo.
Ukubaluleka kwalo mkhakha akunakuphikiswana ngakho, njengoba izinsimbi zidlala indima ebalulekile emnothweni womhlaba wonke. Intuthuko kwezensimbi ezitholakala kwamanye amazwe iphinde ibe negalelo emikhubeni yezimayini esebenza kahle futhi eqhubekayo, okunciphisa izinyathelo zemvelo ezihambisana nokukhiqizwa kwensimbi.
Isiphetho
I-metallurgy yokukhipha izinsimbi imele njengesisekelo sesayensi yezinto zokwakha, ivala igebe phakathi kwemithombo yamaminerali eluhlaza kanye nezinsimbi ezihlanzekile kakhulu ezifunwa imboni yanamuhla. Ngamagatsha ayo ahlukahlukene - i-pyrometallurgy, i-hydrometallurgy, kanye ne-electrometallurgy - inikeza izindlela eziphelele zokukhipha nokucwenga izinsimbi kusuka kuma-ore. Indlela ngayinye kanye nendlela ngaphakathi kwale nsimu yenzelwe ukubhekana nezinselele ezithile ezibangelwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaminerali kanye nezimfanelo zensimbi ezifiselekayo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, kuzoba njalo namasu kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-metallurgy yokukhipha izinsimbi, okusekela isidingo esiqhubekayo sezinto ezithuthukisiwe endaweni yezimboni ehlala ishintsha.
