Isu Lokusebenza Kahle Kuma-Turbine Engines
Ukusebenza kahle kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezinjini ze-turbine, kungaba ama-turbine anomusi, ama-turbine egesi, noma ama-turbine e-hydro. Ama-turbine asebenza kahle awakhiqizi nje kuphela amandla amaningi avela emthonjeni ofanayo wamandla kodwa futhi anciphisa izindleko zokusebenza, anciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, andise isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini, futhi anciphise ukukhishwa kwegesi. Ngokomongo wemboni yokukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza, ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine kungaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngamasu okusebenza kahle kwezinjini ze-turbine kusukela emibonweni yokuklama, ukusebenza, ukugcinwa, kanye nokwenza ngcono uhlelo lokusekela.
1. Ukuqonda Imithombo Yokulahlekelwa Kuma-Turbine
Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amasu okusebenza kahle, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwamandla kuvelaphi. Kuma-turbine, ukulahlekelwa ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngenxa yalokhu:
1. Ukulahlekelwa yi-aerodynamic/fluid: ukungqubuzana kokugeleza, isiyaluyalu, ukuhlukaniswa kokugeleza, kanye nokuvuza phakathi kwezikhala (ukususwa).
2. Ukulahlekelwa yimishini: ukungqubuzana kwamabhereyitha, ukulahleka kwebhokisi legiya, kanye nokungalingani kwe-rotor.
3. Ukulahlekelwa ukushisa: ukulahlekelwa ukushisa endaweni ezungezile, ukwehla kwekhwalithi yokushisa, noma ukungapheleli kwenqubo yokukhulisa.
4. Ukulahlekelwa okubangelwa yizimo zokusebenza ezingezinhle: i-turbine egijima kude nendawo yokuklama (ngaphandle kokuklama), umthwalo ongaphelele, noma izinguquko ezimweni zoketshezi lokusebenza.
5. Umonakalo kanye nokungcola: ama-deposit, isikali, ukuguguleka, ukugqwala, noma ukuguguleka kwama-blade okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle.
Ngokubala lokhu kulahlekelwa, amasu okusebenza kahle angaqondiswa ezingxenyeni ezinomthelela omkhulu.
2. Ukuthuthukisa Umklamo kanye Nokukhethwa Kwe-Turbine
Ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kuqala ngokukhethwa kohlobo lwe-turbine kanye nomklamo wayo. Kuma-turbine egesi, isibonelo, ukwakheka kwe-compressor kanye ne-turbine kumele kulinganiswe ukuqinisekisa isilinganiso esihle kakhulu sokucindezela, izinga lokushisa lokungena kwe-turbine (TIT), kanye nokusebenza kohlelo lokupholisa ama-blade. Kuma-turbine e-steam, ukukhethwa kwamazinga okucindezela (ukucindezela okuphezulu, ukucindezela okuphakathi, ukucindezela okuphansi) kanye nekhwalithi yomusi kubalulekile.
Amanye amasu okuklama avamile afaka:
– Iphrofayili eyengeziwe ye-aerodynamic blade: kunciphisa ukuxokozela kanye nokuhlukana kokugeleza.
– Izinto ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokwemboza: kwandisa ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu (ama-turbine egesi) noma ukuguguleka (ama-turbine anomusi/amanzi).
– Ukususwa kwengxenye yesihloko okuncishisiwe: Ukususwa kwengxenye yesihloko se-blade ngokweqile kwandisa ukuvuza kokugeleza, kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle. Ubuchwepheshe bokuvala kanye nokulawula ukunwetshwa kokushisa kusiza ukugcina indawo evulekile kahle.
– Umklamo ofanele wezigaba eziningi: ukuhlukaniswa okuphumelelayo kwezigaba zokunwetshwa kukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla oketshezi.
Kulesi sigaba, ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokusebenza kahle kumele kubalwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kwezomnotho, okuhlanganisa nezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila.
3. Ukugcina Izimo Zoketshezi Zokusebenza
Ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine kuthinta kakhulu ikhwalithi nesimo soketshezi olusebenzayo:
a) I-Steam Turbine
– Ikhwalithi yomusi (ingxenye yokushisa okukhulu nokomisa) kumele igcinwe. Umusi omanzi ungabangela ukuguguleka kwensingo, unciphise ukusebenza kahle futhi wandise ingozi yomonakalo.
– Ukucindezela kwebhoyila kanye nokulawula izinga lokushisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi umusi ungena ku-turbine njengoba kuklanyelwe.
– Ukugcinwa kwesistimu ye-condenser kubalulekile; i-vacuum ye-condenser engasebenzi kahle izonciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle komjikelezo.
b) I-Gas Turbine
– Ikhwalithi yomoya ongenayo ibalulekile. Izihlungi ezingezinhle zibangela ukungcola kwama-compressor nama-turbine blades.
– Ukupholisa umoya ongena ngaphakathi kungandisa ukuminyana komoya ukuze amandla nokusebenza kahle kwande, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo.
– Ukulawula isilinganiso somoya-uphethiloli kuvimbela ukusha okungaphelele okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle futhi kwandise ukukhishwa kwegesi.
c) I-Water Turbine
– Izimo zokukhipha kanye nekhanda kumele zibekwe ngokwezinga lokusebenza kahle kakhulu.
– Ukulawulwa kwendle kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi ezinqoleni ezigijimayo kanye nasezinqoleni eziqondisa ukuqondisa.
4. Ukusebenza endaweni efanele kanye nokulawula umthwalo
Ama-turbine ngokuvamile aklanyelwe ukusebenza kahle kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Uma umthwalo uphansi kakhulu noma uphezulu kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle kuyehla. Ngakho-ke, amasu okusebenza afaka:
– Ukuphathwa komthwalo: kulawula ukusatshalaliswa kwemithwalo phakathi kwamayunithi ukuze i-turbine ngayinye isebenze eduze nendawo efanele.
– Ukusetshenziswa kokulawula okuhlakaniphile: izinhlelo zokulawula zesimanje ezisekelwe kumodeli (ukulawula kokubikezela kwemodeli) noma ukwenza ngcono ngesikhathi sangempela kusiza ekugcineni amapharamitha okusebenza.
– Nciphisa ukuqala-ukuma: Imijikelezo yokuqala-ukuma ikhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi isheshise ukuwohloka kwezingxenye. Lapho kungenzeka khona, ukusebenza okuzinzile kuyathandwa.
– Ukulungiswa kwevalvu kanye ne-nozzle: Kuma-turbine omusi, ukugoba ngokweqile kungabangela ukulahlekelwa. Amasu anjengokungena kwe-arc engaphelele noma ukulungiswa kwesigaba kungasiza.
Ezitshalweni zikagesi, amasu okuhambisa acabangela ukusebenza kahle kokushisa (izinga lokushisa) angathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu iyonke.
5. Uhlelo Lokulungisa Olusekelwe Ezimweni
Ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine kuthonywa kakhulu isimo sezingxenye. Izinhlelo zokulungisa ezithembele kuphela ezinhlelweni zesikhathi esithile zivame ukubona izinkinga sekwephuzile. Ukulungiswa okusekelwe esimweni kunikeza indlela ephumelela kakhudlwana, isibonelo:
– Ukuqapha ukudlidliza: kuthola ukungalungi kahle, ukungalingani, noma izinkinga zokuthwala.
– Ukuhlaziywa kwamafutha okugcoba: kukhomba ukungcola, ukuguguleka kanye nokuwohloka.
– Ukuhlolwa kwe-Thermography kanye nokushisa: kuthola izindawo ezishisayo nezinkinga zokupholisa.
– Ukuqapha ukusebenza: ukuqhathanisa ukusebenza kwangempela nesisekelo ukuze kutholakale ukwehla kokusebenza kahle ngenxa yokungcola noma ukuvuza.
Ukugcinwa okusekelwe esimweni kuvumela ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo zokulungisa ngaphambi kokuba ukwehla kokusebenza kahle kube okuphawulekayo nangaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukwehluleka okubizayo.
6. Ukuhlanza Nokunciphisa Ukungcola
Ukungcola kuyisitha esikhulu sokusebenza kahle, ikakhulukazi kuma-gas turbine, lapho ama-compressor evame ukungcoliswa uthuli, uwoyela, noma izinhlayiya ezincane. Amasu avamile afaka:
– Ukuwasha ku-inthanethi: ukuhlanza ngenkathi iyunithi isasebenza, okunciphisa ukungcola kokukhanya.
– Ukuhlanza ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi: ukuhlanza okujulile ngesikhathi sokuvala, ukubuyisela ukusebenza esimweni esiseduze nesokuqala.
– Ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yokuhlunga: ukusetshenziswa kwezihlungi zezigaba eziningi kanye nokugcinwa kwezihlungi njalo.
– Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kaphethiloli: kuvimbela ukuchithwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo.
Kuma-turbine anomusi, ama-deposit kuma-blades angenzeka ngenxa yokudlula kwebhoyila noma ikhwalithi yamanzi ephansi. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kwamanzi kuyisu elibalulekile lokusebenza kahle.
7. Ukwanda Kokusebenza Kahle Ngokuhlanganisa Umjikelezo kanye Nezinhlelo Ezisizayo
Ngokuvamile, ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine akukwazi ukuhlukaniswa nokusebenza kahle kwesistimu iyonke. Ezinye izindlela eziye zabonakala zisebenza zifaka:
– Umjikelezo ohlanganisiwe wama-turbine egesi: usebenzisa ukushisa kokukhipha kwama-turbine egesi ukukhiqiza umusi nokushayela ama-turbine e-steam, ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa ukusebenza kahle okuphelele kakhulu.
– Ukushisa kwamanzi okuvuselelayo kuma-turbine omusi: kusebenzisa ukukhishwa komusi ukufudumeza amanzi okuhambisa amanzi ebhoyila, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle komjikelezo we-Rankine.
– Ukwenziwa ngcono kwesistimu yokupholisa: imibhoshongo yokupholisa esebenza kahle, amaphampu, kanye nama-condenser kuzokhulisa umkhiqizo ophelele.
– Ukusetshenziswa kwama-variable speed drive (VSD) kumaphampu nakumafeni: kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukagesi okusizayo ukuze ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuhlanzekile kwande.
Ukusebenza kahle kuvame ukwanda hhayi nje ngoba i-turbine ingcono, kodwa futhi ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okusiza kuncishisiwe.
8. Ukuthuthukiswa Kobuchwepheshe Nokulungiswa Kabusha
Uma i-turbine isisebenze isikhathi eside, ukufakelwa kabusha kungaba yindlela engabizi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokushintsha iyunithi. Isibonelo:
– Ukushintsha ama-blade esizukulwane esisha ngephrofayili esebenza kahle kakhulu.
- Thuthukisa uhlelo lokulawula uphawu kanye nokususwa kwesikhala.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwezilawuli kanye nezinsimbi ukuze kwenziwe ngcono ngesikhathi sangempela.
– Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusha (i-gas turbine) njengezishisi ze-NOx eziphansi ezigcina ukusebenza kahle.
Ukulungiswa okufanele kungabuyisela noma kuthuthukise ukusebenza okungaphezu kwesisekelo, uma nje kuhambisana nezifundo zobunjiniyela kanye nokuhlaziywa kokwenzeka.
Isiphetho
Amasu okusebenza kahle ezinjini ze-turbine awakwazi ukuthembela esilinganisweni esisodwa. Ukusebenza kahle kuwumphumela wendlela ephelele ehlanganisa ukwakheka okufanele, ukulawulwa kwesimo soketshezi olusebenzayo, ukusebenza okucishe kube ngcono kakhulu, ukulungiswa okusekelwe esimweni, ukunciphisa ukungcola, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kohlelo lokusekela. Empeleni, inhlanganisela ephumelela kakhulu yamasu incike ohlotsheni lwe-turbine, ubudala bemishini, izici zomthwalo, kanye nezimo zemvelo.
Ngokusebenzisa lawa maqhinga njalo, izinkampani zingazuza ekongeni izindleko zikaphethiloli, ukuthembeka okwandisiwe, isikhathi esincishisiwe sokungasebenzi, kanye negalelo elikhulu ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokusimama kwamandla. Ekugcineni, ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine akuyona nje inkinga yobuchwepheshe, kodwa ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside ekuncintisaneni kwezimboni kanye nokuqina kohlelo lwamandla.
