Izindlela Ezilula Zokuqonda Izindlela Zenjini Kadizili
Injini yedizili uhlobo lwenjini yokushisa yangaphakathi esetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni ezahlukahlukene kanye nemishini yezimboni. Eyaziwa ngokusebenza kwayo kahle nokuqina kwayo okuphezulu, izinjini zedizili zivame ukuba yisinqumo esiyinhloko sezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukusebenza okuphezulu nokuqina. Kodwa-ke, ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo injini yedizili kungabonakala kuyinkimbinkimbi kwabaningi. Ngakho-ke, lesi sihloko sizonikeza incazelo elula ukuyiqonda yokuthi injini yedizili isebenza kanjani kanye nezingxenye zayo.
1. Indlela Injini Kadizili Esebenza Ngayo
Zonke izinjini zokushisa zangaphakathi, okuhlanganisa nezinjini zedizili, zisebenza ngomjikelezo othize we-thermodynamic. Izinjini zedizili zisebenza ngomjikelezo wedizili, ohlukile kumjikelezo we-Otto osetshenziswa izinjini zephethiloli. Umjikelezo wedizili uhilela izigaba ezine eziyinhloko: ukungena, ukucindezela, ukushisa, kanye nokukhipha umoya.
– Ukungenisa: Kulesi sigaba, umoya ohlanzekile ungena kwisilinda ngevalvu yokungenisa njengoba i-piston yehla. Ngokungafani nenjini kaphethiloli, ayikho ingxube kaphethiloli nomoya kulesi sigaba.
– Ukucindezela: Njengoba i-piston inyukela phezulu, umoya osesilinda ucindezelwa ufinyelele ekucindezelweni nasekushiseni okuphezulu kakhulu. Ezinjinini zikadizili, isilinganiso sokucindezela siphezulu kakhulu kunesezinjini zikaphethiloli, ngokuvamile siphakathi kuka-14:1 no-25:1.
– Ukusha: Lapho i-piston ifinyelela esicongweni sayo ngesikhathi sokucindezela, uphethiloli wedizili ufakwa ku-cylinder nge-injector. Lophethiloli ube usuxhumana nomoya, osuke usushisa kakhulu ngenxa yokucindezelwa okuphezulu, futhi ukusha kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo. Akukho spark yokwenziwa efana ne-spark plug enjinini kaphethiloli.
– Ukukhipha Umoya: Amagesi okushisa akhiqizwayo aqhubela i-piston phansi, akhiqize amandla aqhubela i-crankshaft. Amagesi okukhipha umoya abe esephushelwa ngaphandle kwesilinda nge-valve yokukhipha umoya njengoba i-piston iqhubekela phezulu futhi.
2. Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zenjini Kadizili
Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele indlela injini yedizili esebenza ngayo, ukuqonda izingxenye zayo eziyinhloko kubalulekile. Nazi ezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile enjinini yedizili kanye nemisebenzi yazo:
– Ibhulokhi Yesilinda: Ingxenye eyinhloko yenjini egcina isilinda, i-piston, kanye neziteshi ezahlukahlukene zamanzi okupholisa kanye nowoyela wokugcoba.
– I-Piston: Ingxenye ehamba phezulu naphansi kusilinda futhi inesibopho sokuguqula amandla avela ekushiseni abe ukunyakaza komshini.
– I-Crankshaft (I-Crankshaft): I-shaft eguqula ukunyakaza okuqondile kwe-piston ibe ukunyakaza okujikelezayo okushayela amasondo emoto noma imishini.
– I-Camshaft (i-Camshaft): Inesibopho sokulawula ukuvulwa nokuvalwa kwama-valve okungenisa nawokukhipha, ngokunyakaza okujikelezayo okuguqulwa kube ukunyakaza okuqondile yizingalo ze-rocker (izingalo zokushayela).
– Umjovo: Ingxenye efaka uphethiloli wedizili kusilinda ngomfutho ophezulu, okwenza kube nesifutho esihle nesivuthayo.
– I-Turbocharger: Izinjini eziningi zesimanje zedizili zifakwe i-turbocharger, esebenzisa amagesi okukhipha umoya ukuze acindezele umoya omningi ungene kumasilinda, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle namandla.
– Iphampu Kaphethiloli: Ithumela uphethiloli usuka ethangini uye kumjovi onomcindezelo ophezulu.
3. Izici Eziyinhloko Zezinjini Zikadizili
Kunezici eziningana ezenza izinjini zedizili zihluke kwezinjini zikaphethiloli, kokubili ngokwedizayini kanye nokusebenza kwazo:
– Ukusebenza Kahle Kokushisa: Izinjini zikadizili zisebenza kahle kakhulu ngokwe-thermodynamic kunezinjini zikaphethiloli, ngoba isilinganiso sokucindezela esiphezulu sivumela ukushiswa okuphelele.
– I-Torque Ephakeme ku-RPM Ephansi: Izinjini zikadizili zikhiqiza i-torque ephezulu ku-RPM ephansi, okwenza zilungele izimoto ezisindayo nezisindayo.
– Ukuqina Nokukhuthazela: Ngenxa yokuthi izingxenye zenjini yedizili ngokuvamile zenziwa ziqine ukuze zimelane nomfutho ophezulu, izinjini zedizili zivame ukuqina kakhulu.
– Ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli: Uphethiloli wedizili uyonga kakhulu kunophethiloli, ikakhulukazi uma uthwala imithwalo eminingi futhi usebenzisa ibanga elide.
4. Izinselele Ezivamile Nezinkinga Zezinjini Zikadizili
Nakuba izinjini ze-diesel zinezinzuzo ezibalulekile, zinezinselele ezithile okufanele zicatshangelwe:
– Ukukhishwa kwegesi: Izinjini zikadizili zikhiqiza ukukhishwa kwegesi okubizwa nge-NOx (nitrogen oxide) kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi okubizwa ngokuthi yi-particulate matter (soot), okudinga izinhlelo zokuhlanza ukukhishwa kwegesi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengeziguquli ze-catalytic kanye ne-DPF (Diesel Particulate Filters).
– Izindleko Zokulungisa: Nakuba ziqinile, izinjini zikadizili zidinga ukulungiswa okukhethekile okungabiza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ohlelweni lukaphethiloli olusebenza ngomfutho ophezulu kakhulu.
– Ukusebenza Ezindaweni Ezibandayo: Izinjini zikadizili zingaba nobunzima bokusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu, zidinga izinhlelo zokushisa ezengeziwe ezifana nama-glow plugs ukuze kube lula inqubo yokuqalisa.
5. Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Kubuchwepheshe Benjini Kadizili
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, izinjini zikadizili ziyaqhubeka nokwenza izinto ezintsha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle, ukusetshenziswa kahle kukaphethiloli, kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi. Obunye bobuchwepheshe bamuva buhlanganisa:
– I-Common Rail Injection: Uhlelo lokujova uphethiloli olusebenzisa isitimela esinomfutho ophezulu ukuze kusatshalaliswe uphethiloli ngendlela enembile nephumelelayo kunezinhlelo zokujova ezivamile.
– I-Turbocharging kanye ne-Supercharging: Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-turbocharger kanye ne-supercharger akugcini nje ngokwandisa amandla kodwa futhi kwandisa nokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli ngokusebenzisa igesi yokukhipha umoya ukwandisa ukungena komoya esilinda.
– Ukunciphisa Okukhethekile Kwe-Catalytic (SCR): Ubuchwepheshe bokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-NOx ngokusebenzisa uketshezi lwe-AdBlue (urea) olufuthwe ngegesi yokukhipha umoya, olube seluguqulwa lube yi-nitrogen namanzi.
– I-Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT): Uhlelo lwe-turbocharger olune-geometry eguquguqukayo olulungisa (lwandisa noma lunciphise) ukugeleza kwegesi yokukhipha umoya nge-turbocharger ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zamanje zenjini, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusabela.
Ukuqonda ukuthi injini kadizili isebenza kanjani kanye nezindlela zayo akugcini nje ngokunikeza ukuqonda kobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi nokwazisa ubuchwepheshe obukhona nobushintshayo. Nakuba kungase kubonakale kuyinkimbinkimbi ekuqaleni, ngokutadisha ingxenye ngayinye kanye nezimiso zayo zokusebenza, noma ubani angaqonda umongo wendlela injini kadizili esebenza ngayo kahle nangokuqhubekayo. Kulabo abanentshisekelo embonini yezimoto noma embonini esindayo, lolu lwazi lubaluleke kakhulu futhi lungasebenza njengesisekelo sokwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa nokugcinwa kwezinjini zedizili.
