Ithiyori Yokukhuthaza Ekuphathweni Kwezinsiza Zabantu
Ukugqugquzeleka kuyisici esibalulekile ekuphathweni kwezinsizakusebenza zabantu (HRM), okuthonya kokubili ukusebenza komuntu ngamunye kanye nenhlangano. Kuye kwathuthukiswa imibono ehlukahlukene yokugqugquzeleka ukuze kuqondwe izici ezishukumisela abasebenzi ukuba basebenze ngempumelelo nangendlela ephumelelayo. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngemibono eminingana ebalulekile yokugqugquzeleka ku-HRM, okuhlanganisa imfundiso yezidingo zikaMaslow, imfundiso yezimfanelo ezimbili kaHerzberg, imfundiso yokulindela isikhathi sikaVroom, kanye nemfundiso yokuqinisa kaSkinner.
Imfundiso KaMaslow Yezidingo
Ithiyori ka-Abraham Maslow yokugqugquzela ingenye yezindlela ezaziwa kakhulu kwezengqondo kanye nokuphathwa kwezinsizakusebenza zabantu. UMaslow wasikisela ukuthi abantu banezigaba zezidingo okumele bahlangabezane nazo, kusukela kokuyisisekelo kuya kokuthuthukile kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwezigaba kuvame ukuboniswa njengephiramidi:
1. Izidingo Zomzimba: Lezi yizidingo eziyisisekelo kakhulu zokusinda, njengokudla, ukuphuza, ukulala, nokuzala.
2. Izidingo Zokuphepha: Uma izidingo zomzimba sezihlangatsheziwe, abantu bazofuna ukuphepha ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo, okuhlanganisa nokuvikelwa ezinsongweni nasekuzinzeni emsebenzini.
3. Izidingo Zomphakathi: Abantu banesidingo sokuxhumana nabanye abantu, okuhlanganisa ubungane, uthando, kanye nokunamathelana neqembu.
4. Yazisa Izidingo: Uma izidingo zomphakathi sezihlangatsheziwe, abantu bazofuna ukwaziswa nokuqashelwa kwabanye, okuhlanganisa ukuzethemba nokuzethemba.
5. Izidingo Zokuzicabangela: Lesi yisona sigaba esiphezulu sezidingo zikaMaslow, lapho abantu belwela ukufinyelela amandla abo aphelele kanye nokuzazi.
Ngomongo wokuphathwa kwe-HR, abaholi bezinhlangano kudingeka baqonde ukuthi abasebenzi babo bawela kuphi ngaphansi kwalolu hlobo lwezidingo ukuze banikeze isisusa esifanele. Isibonelo, uma iningi labasebenzi lisezingeni lezidingo zomphakathi, izinhlelo zokwakha iqembu kanye nemisebenzi yomphakathi ingaba izindlela ezisebenzayo zokwandisa isisusa sabo.
Ithiyori KaHerzberg Yezinto Ezimbili
UFrederick Herzberg wasungula ithiyori yezici ezimbili, eyaziwa nangokuthi ithiyori yokugqugquzela nokuhlanzeka. UHerzberg wathola amasethi amabili ezici ezithonya ukukhuthazeka emsebenzini: izinto ezishukumisayo kanye nezici zokuhlanzeka.
1. Izici Ezishukumisayo: Lezi zinto zivela ngaphakathi komsebenzi uqobo futhi zifaka phakathi izinto ezifana nempumelelo, ukuqashelwa, umsebenzi uqobo, umthwalo wemfanelo, kanye namathuba okukhula. Lezi zinto zingandisa ukwaneliseka komsebenzi uma zikhona.
2. Izici Zokuhlanzeka: Lezi zici zihlobene nendawo yokusebenza futhi zifaka phakathi izinto ezifana nezinqubomgomo zenkampani, ukuqondisa, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, izimo zokusebenza, kanye nomholo. Uma lezi zici zinganele, zingaholela ekunganelisekini emsebenzini, kodwa ukuba khona kwazo akusho ukuthi kwandise ukwaneliseka emsebenzini.
Ekusetshenzisweni kwayo, abaphathi be-HR kumele baqinisekise ukuthi kuhlangatshezwana nezici zokuhlanzeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukunganeliseki, kuyilapho begxila nasekuthuthukiseni izici ezishukumisayo ukuze kwandiswe ukwaneliseka kanye nogqozi lwabasebenzi.
Umbono Wokulindela Ka-Vroom
UVictor Vroom wasungula ithiyori yokulindela, egxile ebuhlotsheni obuphakathi kokulindelekile komuntu ngamunye kanye nezinga lomzamo awenzayo. Le thiyori isekelwe ezingxenyeni ezintathu eziyinhloko:
1. Ukulindela: Inkolelo yokuthi umzamo owenziwe uzoholela ekusebenzeni okuthile.
2. Ubuchwepheshe: Inkolelo yokuthi ukusebenza okuthile kuzoveza umphumela noma umvuzo othile.
3. I-Valence: Inani noma ukubaluleka komphumela noma umvuzo kumuntu ngamunye.
Ifomula eyisisekelo yenkolelo yokulindela yile:
\[ \text{Motivation} = \text{Expectancy} \times \text{Instrumentality} \times \text{Valence} \]
Lo mbono usikisela ukuthi ukugqugquzelwa kuwumsebenzi wazo zonke izingxenye ezintathu. Ekuphathweni kwezinsizakusebenza zabantu, kubalulekile ukuthi abaphathi baqinisekise ukuthi abasebenzi bakholelwa ukuthi imizamo yabo izovuzwa, ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kuzoqashelwa, nokuthi imiphumela noma imivuzo abayitholayo inenani.
Ithiyori Yokuqinisa Ukuqina kukaSkinner
U-B.F. Skinner wasungula ithiyori yokuqinisa esekelwe ezimisweni zokufunda zokuziphatha. Le thiyori ithi ukuziphatha kuqiniswa ngemiphumela emihle noma emibi. Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zokuqinisa:
1. Ukuqinisa Okuhle: Ukunikeza umvuzo noma umvuzo ngemva kokuziphatha okufiswayo kwandisa amathuba okuba ukuziphatha kuphindwe.
2. Ukuqinisa Okubi: Ukususa isimo esingathandeki noma esijezisayo ngenxa yokuziphatha okufiswayo ukuze kwandiswe lokho kuziphatha.
3. Isijeziso: Ukunikeza umphumela ongathandeki ukuze kuncishiswe amathuba okuziphatha okungathandeki.
4. Ukuphela: Ukususa ukuqinisa okuhle okunikezwe ngaphambilini, ukuze ukuziphatha okungafuneki kwenzeke kaningi noma kunyamalale.
Abaphathi be-HR abasebenzisa ithiyori yokuqinisa bangakhulisa isisusa sabasebenzi ngokunikeza imivuzo efanele yokuziphatha okufiselekayo nokunciphisa ukuqinisa ukuziphatha okungathandeki.
Ukusetshenziswa kwethiyori yokugqugquzela ekuphathweni kwezinsizakusebenza zabantu
Ukusebenzisa lezi zinkolelo-mbono zokugqugquzela ekuphathweni kwe-HR kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kanye nendlela ehambisana nesimo senhlangano kanye nezidingo zomsebenzi ngamunye. Nazi ezinye izinyathelo ongazithatha:
1. Ukuhlolwa Kwezidingo: Ukwenza ukuhlaziywa kwezidingo zabasebenzi ukuze kuqondwe isikhundla sabo ohlelweni lwezidingo lukaMaslow. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokuhlola, izingxoxo, kanye nokubuka ngqo.
2. Indawo Yokusebenza Namasiko: Ukudala indawo yokusebenza enhle ngokucabangela izici zokuhlanzeka njengoba kuqokonyiswe embonweni kaHerzberg wezinto ezimbili.
3. Ukungaguquguquki Nokulunga: Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubomgomo zokuqinisa ziyasetshenziswa njalo nangokufanele kusekela inkolelo-mbono kaSkinner yokuqinisa. Abasebenzi kufanele babe nomuzwa wokuthi imivuzo nezijeziso kusekelwe ekusebenzeni okuqotho.
4. Ukuqashelwa kanye Nemivuzo: Nikeza ukuqashelwa kanye nemivuzo yezimpumelelo zabasebenzi ngokuhambisana nenkolelo-mbono kaHerzberg yezici ezimbili kanye nenkolelo-mbono yokulindela ye-Vroom.
5. Amathuba Okuthuthuka: Ukuhlinzeka ngamathuba okuqeqeshwa okwanele kanye nokuthuthukiswa komsebenzi ukusekela inqubo yokuzazisa kwabasebenzi njengoba kuphakanyiswe yimfundiso kaMaslow.
6. Ukuxhumana Okuphumelelayo: Ukwakha iziteshi zokuxhumana eziphumelelayo ukuze abasebenzi bazizwe bezwiwe futhi impilo yabo engokomzwelo igcinwe, ngokuvumelana nezidingo zomphakathi ezikhundleni zikaMaslow.
Isiphetho
Ukugqugquzelwa kwabasebenzi kuyisici esibalulekile esithonya ukusebenza kwenhlangano kanye nempumelelo. Ngokusebenzisa imibono eyahlukahlukene yokugqugquzela, njengemfundiso kaMaslow yezidingo, imfundiso kaHerzberg yezici ezimbili, imfundiso kaVroom yokulindela, kanye nemfundiso kaSkinner yokuqinisa, abaphathi be-HR bangakha amasu okugqugquzela asebenzayo nangokwesimo. Ngakho-ke, izinhlangano zingafinyelela imigomo yazo ngempumelelo enkulu ngabasebenzi abakhuthele nabazinikele kakhulu.
