Amasu Okuphatha Impahla
Ukuphathwa kwempahla kuyichungechunge lwezindlela nezinqumo ezisetshenziswa amabhizinisi ukuhlela, ukuthenga, ukugcina, ukulawula, nokusabalalisa impahla ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okubushelelezi nokonga imali. Impahla ingafaka izinto zokusetshenziswa, izimpahla ezisetshenziswayo, izimpahla eziqediwe, ngisho nezingxenye ezisele kanye nezinto zokusebenza. Ngaphandle kwamasu afanele okuphathwa kwempahla, izinkampani zisengozini yokuphelelwa yimpahla, okuvimbela ukuthengiswa, noma isitokwe eseqile, okubopha imali futhi kwandise izindleko zokugcina. Ngakho-ke, amasu okuphathwa kwempahla akuyona nje inkinga yokugcina impahla, kodwa yingxenye ebalulekile yesu lebhizinisi.
1. Izinhloso kanye nezinzuzo zokuphathwa kwempahla
Umgomo oyinhloko wokuphathwa kwempahla ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ezifanele zitholakala ngobuningi obufanele, ngesikhathi esifanele, ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu. Izinzuzo zifaka amazinga athuthukisiwe esevisi yamakhasimende, izindleko zokugcina ezincishisiwe, umonakalo/ukuphelelwa yisikhathi okuncishisiwe, ukugeleza kwemali okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokuhlela ukukhiqiza nokuthenga okunembe kakhudlwana. Ngokulawulwa okuhle kwempahla, izinkampani ziyakwazi futhi ukuphendula ezinguqukweni zesidingo semakethe ngokushesha nangokulinganisekayo.
2. Ukuhlukaniswa kwempahla: yazi ukuthi yini ephathwayo
Isinyathelo sokuqala ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlobo oluthile ukuqonda uhlobo lwempahla onayo. Izinto zokusetshenziswa zidinga ukuphathwa kwesikhathi somhlinzeki kanye nesikhathi sokuhola; impahla yokusebenza ngesikhathi sokusebenza ihlobene nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza; izimpahla eziqediwe zihlobene ngqo nesidingo samakhasimende; futhi izingxenye ezisele zibalulekile ekunciphiseni isikhathi sokungasebenzi komshini. Uhlobo ngalunye lwempahla lunezingozi nezindleko ezahlukene, ngakho-ke amasu okulawula angahluka.
3. Indlela Yokuhlaziya i-ABC: gxila enanini elikhulu kakhulu
Enye yezindlela ezithandwa kakhulu yi-ABC Analysis, okuwukuqoqwa kwezinto ngokusekelwe ekubalukeni kwazo kwenani eliphelele.
– Isigaba A: izinto zimbalwa ngenani kodwa zinikela ngenani elikhulu kunawo wonke (isb., 70–80% yenani lempahla). Kudinga ukulawulwa okuqinile, ukugcinwa kwamarekhodi okunembile, kanye nokuhlolwa njalo.
– Isigaba B: amanani namanani aphakathi nendawo (isb., 15–25%). Ukulawula okumaphakathi.
– Isigaba C: inani elikhulu lezinto kodwa inani elincane (isb., 5–10%). Ukulawula kulula, mhlawumbe ngokuthengwa kwempahla ngobuningi kanye nokuhlolwa njalo.
Nge-ABC, izinkampani zingabeka phambili abasebenzi, isikhathi, kanye nezindleko zokuqapha ezintweni ezinomthelela omkhulu kwezezimali.
4. I-EOQ (Ubuningi be-oda lezomnotho): ukuthola inani le-oda elingabizi kakhulu
I-EOQ iyindlela yokunquma inani elifanele kakhulu le-oda elinciphisa izindleko eziphelele zempahla, ikakhulukazi izindleko zoku-oda nokugcina impahla. Uku-oda kaningi kakhulu kwandisa izindleko zokuphatha nezokuthumela impahla, kuyilapho uku-oda okuningi kakhulu kwandisa izindleko zokugcina impahla, ingozi yomonakalo, kanye nokuchitha imali.
Ngomqondo, i-EOQ iyasiza ekuphenduleni: “Zingaki izinto okufanele zi-odwe isikhathi ngasinye ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko eziphelele?” Le ndlela ifaneleka ezintweni ezinesidingo esizinzile kanye nezikhathi zokuhola ezingabikezelwa kahle.
5. Indawo Yokuhlela Kabusha (ROP): ukuthi kufanele uhlele kabusha nini
Uma i-EOQ iphendula ngokuthi “imalini,” khona-ke i-Reorder Point (ROP) iphendula ngokuthi “nini okufanele i-ode.” I-ROP yizinga lempahla elibangela uku-oda kabusha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isitoko sifika ngesikhathi ngaphambi kokuba siphele.
I-ROP ithonywa yi:
- amazinga esidingo sansuku zonke/samasonto onke,
- isikhathi sokuhola somhlinzeki,
- isitoko sokuphepha ukuze kuqashelwe ukwanda kwesidingo noma ukubambezeleka kokulethwa.
Nge-ROP efanele, ingozi yokuphela kwesitoko ingancishiswa ngaphandle kokugcina izinto eziningi kakhulu.
6. Isitoko Sokuphepha: ukuvikelwa ekungaqiniseki
Akuwona wonke ama-oda nokulethwa okuhambisana nohlelo. Isitoko sokuphepha siyimpahla eyengeziwe egcinwe njengenqolobane. Le ndlela ibalulekile emabhizinisini abhekene nesidingo sesizini, abahlinzeki abanezikhathi zokuhola ezingazinzile, noma izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi abakwazi ukukhokhela ukuphelelwa yisitoko.
Kodwa-ke, isitoko sokuphepha kumele sibalwe ngokuhlakanipha. Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lingaholela ekuthengeni ngokweqile kanye nezindleko ezikhulayo. Izinga eliphansi kakhulu lishiya inkampani isengozini yokuphelelwa yisitokwe. Indlela ewusizo kakhulu ukuhlanganisa idatha yesidingo somlando, ukushintshashintsha kwesikhathi sokuhola, kanye nezinga lenkonzo ehlosiwe oyifunayo.
7. I-FIFO ne-FEFO: zivimbela ukuphelelwa yisikhathi nokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwezimpahla
Ezimpahleni ezihlala isikhathi eside, amasu okuhamba kwezimpahla abalulekile:
– I-FIFO (Okokuqala Ukungena, Okuqala Ukuphuma): Izinto ezifika kuqala kumele ziphume kuqala. Zifanele izinhlobo eziningi zemikhiqizo, ikakhulukazi leyo evame ukubola.
– I-FEFO (Okokuqala Kuphelelwe Yisikhathi, Okokuqala Kuphumile): izinto ezinosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi oluseduze kakhulu kufanele zithunyelwe kuqala. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu embonini yokudla, yezemithi, kanye neyezimonyo.
Ngokusebenzisa i-FIFO/FEFO, izinkampani zinganciphisa ukulahlekelwa ngenxa yezimpahla eziphelelwe yisikhathi, zigcine ikhwalithi, futhi zandise ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende.
8. I-Just in Time (JIT): isitokwe esincane, inqubo ephezulu
I-Just in Time (JIT) iyindlela egxile ekunciphiseni isitokwe ngangokunokwenzeka ngokuthenga izimpahla lapho kudingeka. Umgomo ukunciphisa izindleko zokugcina nokugwema ukuqongelela isitokwe. I-JIT iyasebenza uma inkampani inabahlinzeki abathembekile, inqubo yokukhiqiza ezinzile, kanye nohlelo lolwazi oluqinile.
Ingozi iwukuthembela kakhulu kubaphakeli kanye nezokuthutha. Ukubambezeleka noma ukuphazamiseka kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka kungamisa ukukhiqizwa. Ngakho-ke, i-JIT ivame ukusetshenziswa kancane kancane futhi isekelwe yizinkontileka zabaphakeli, amashejuli okulethwa okuqinile, kanye nezinhlelo zesimo esiphuthumayo.
9. Ukubalwa Kwemijikelezo kanye Negama Lesitoko: ukunemba kwedatha yesitokwe
Ukunemba kwedatha kuyisisekelo sezinqumo zesitoko. Izinkinga eziningi aziveli ngenxa yokuntuleka kwesitoko, kodwa ngenxa yedatha yesitoko engabonisi izimo zangempela. Ukuze kugcinwe ukunemba, izinkampani zingasebenzisa:
– Igama lesitoko: ukubalwa okuphelele okubonakalayo esikhathini esithile (nyanga zonke, ngekota, noma ngonyaka).
– Ukubala imijikelezo: ukubala okungaphelele okuvamile okusekelwe ekubalulekeni (isb. into A ibalwa kaningi kunento C).
Ukubalwa kwemijikelezo kulula futhi akuphazamisi kakhulu ukusebenza, kuyilapho kugcinwa ikhwalithi yedatha unyaka wonke.
10. Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe: i-WMS, ibhakhodi, kanye nokuhlaziya
Amasu okuphatha impahla yesimanje asebenza kahle kakhulu ngokusekelwa ubuchwepheshe. Uhlelo Lokuphatha Impahla (i-WMS) lusiza ukuphatha izindawo zokugcina impahla, ukwamukela izimpahla, ukuqoqa, ukupakisha, kanye nokuthumela. Amabhakhodi noma amakhodi e-QR asheshisa ukugcinwa kwamarekhodi futhi anciphise amaphutha abantu. Ngezinga elikhulu, i-RFID ingathuthukisa ukubonakala kwesikhathi sangempela kokuhamba kwezimpahla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kanye nokubikezela kusiza izinkampani ukubikezela isidingo, ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuthenga, kanye nokuphatha umthamo wendawo yokugcina impahla. Ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokuthengisa kanye nezokubalwa kwezimali nakho kusheshisa ukwenziwa kwezinqumo ngoba idatha ihlala ibuyekeziwe.
Isiphetho
Amasu okuphatha impahla asebenzayo awagcini ngendlela eyodwa. Amabhizinisi ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izindlela eziningana: i-ABC yokubeka phambili, i-EOQ kanye ne-ROP yezinqumo zokuthenga, isitoko sokuphepha sokunciphisa ubungozi, i-FIFO/FEFO yekhwalithi, i-JIT yokusebenza kahle, kanye nokubalwa kwemijikelezo yokunemba kwedatha. Ngokusekelwa kobuchwepheshe obufana ne-WMS nama-barcode, izinkampani zingathuthukisa ukulawula, zehlise izindleko, futhi zilondoloze ukutholakala kwempahla okuqhubekayo. Ekugcineni, ukuphathwa kwempahla kuyisenzo sokulinganisela phakathi kwamandla amabili aphikisanayo: isitoko esanele ukuhlangabezana nesidingo kanye nesitoko esanele sokugcina imali enempilo.
