Incazelo yengilazi ekhulisayo
Ingilazi yokukhulisa, noma isikhulisi esilula, ilensi eqondile esetshenziselwa ukusiza iso ukuthi libone izinto okunzima ukuzibona ngqo, njengokubhala okuncane kakhulu. Ingilazi yokukhulisa ibizwa ngokuthi isikhulisi esilula ngoba inekhono elilinganiselwe lokukhulisa isithombe sento. Esifundweni esilandelayo, uzofunda ngezikhulisi ezingezona ezilula njenge- microscope , i-terrestrial telescopes , kanye ne-telescopes.
Indlela Isikhulisi Esisebenza Ngayo
Uma ibonwa kude kakhulu, into ibonakala inkulu, kodwa uma ibonwa kude kakhulu, into ibonakala incane. Izinto eziseduze zibonakala zinkulu ngoba usayizi wesithombe esakhiwe ku-retina mkhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, into efanayo uma ibonwa kude kakhulu ibonakala incane ngoba usayizi wesithombe esakhiwe ku-retina mncane. Ngakho-ke, usayizi wento ebonwa yiso uncike kusayizi wesithombe esakhiwe ku-retina. Usayizi wesithombe esakhiwe ku-retina uncike ekhoneni eliphakathi kweso nento, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi.
Izinto ezikude neso zibonakala zincane ngoba zine-engeli encane (θ) (Isithombe 1.1). Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinto eziseduze neso zibonakala zinkulu ngoba zine-engeli enkulu (θ) (Isithombe 1.2). Kungaphethwa ngokuthi ubukhulu bento ebonwa yiso bungakhuliswa noma buncishiswe ngokwandisa noma ukunciphisa i-engeli (θ). I-engeli ikhuliswa ngokuletha iso eduze nento, ngokuphambene nalokho i-engeli incishiswa ngokuhambisa iso kude nento.
Ingxoxo engenhla ingasetshenziswa kwezinye izinkinga. Uma uhlangabezana nokubhala okuncane kangangokuthi kunzima ukukufunda, wenzani ukuze ukufundeke? Ngokusekelwe engxoxweni engenhla, ungase ulethe umbhalo eduze kwamehlo akho ukuze wandise i-engeli phakathi kokubhala neso lakho, okwenza umbhalo ube mkhulu futhi ufundeke kalula. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi indawo eseduze yeso elivamile , noma ibanga eliseduze kakhulu iso elivamile elingagxila kulo, lingu-25 cm. Ngakho-ke, uma ibanga eliphakathi kokubhala neso lingaphansi kuka-25 cm, umbhalo uzobonakala ungacacile. Ngisho nokubhala okungafundwa ebangeni elingama-25 cm kubonakala kungacacile uma kusondezwa ebangeni eliphakathi kokubhala neso elingaphansi kuka-25 cm. Kuthiwani ngokubhala okungenakufundwa ebangeni elingaphansi kuka-25 cm? Ngakho-ke, ungakwenza kanjani ukubhala ngezinhlamvu ezincane kangaka kufundeke? Vele, udinga usizo lwethuluzi lokukhanya elingakhulisa umbhalo.
Izinsimbi zokubona ezifana isibuko esiyisicaba, isibuko esigobile dan isibuko esijiyile ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukufunda ukubhala ngoba isibuko asibonakali. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ilensi isobala ngakho ingasetshenziswa ukufunda ukubhala. Esifundweni isithombe selensi egobile, kuchazwa ukuthi ilensi egobile inganciphisa kuphela isithombe sento. Ngokuphambene nalokho, esihlokweni isithombe selensi eqondile Kuchazwa ukuthi ilensi eqondile ingakhulisa isithombe sento. Ngoba ingakhulisa isithombe, ilensi eqondile ingaklanywa njengengilazi yokukhulisa.
Qaphela lezi zithombe ezimbili ezilandelayo. KuMfanekiso 1.3, into ibukwa ngqo ngeso, lapho into ibonakala incane ngoba i-engeli ephakathi kweso kanye nemikhawulo emibili yento incane. KuMfanekiso 1.4, iso libuka into ngengilazi ekhulisayo. Ingilazi ekhulisayo isebenza ukwakha isithombe nokukhulisa leso sithombe, ngakho-ke lokho iso elikubonayo yisithombe. Isithombe sento ebonwa yiso ngengilazi ekhulisayo sibonakala sikhulu ngoba i-engeli eyakhiwe phakathi kweso kanye nemikhawulo emibili yesithombe inkulu.
Ukuze iso lomqaphi libone isithombe ngengilazi yokukhulisa, isithombe kumele sibe ngesoqobo (isithombe siphambi kwengilazi yokukhulisa noma isithombe sisohlangothini olufanayo nento, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni 1.4). Esihlokweni sezithombe zelensi eziqondile, kuchazwe ukuthi ukuze isithombe sibe ngesoqobo, ibanga (ama) lento kumele libe lincane noma lilingane nobude be-focal (f).
Isihlokwana:
s = ibanga lento
s' = ibanga lesithombe
h = ukuphakama kwento
h' = ukuphakama kwesithunzi
F = indawo egxile engilazini yokukhulisa
θ = i-engeli ephakathi kwelensi kanye nemikhawulo yomibili yento. KuMfanekiso 1.3, ilensi okukhulunywa ngayo iyi-eyepiece, kanti kuMfanekiso 1.4, ilensi okukhulunywa ngayo iyilensi eqondile esetshenziswa njengengilazi yokukhulisa.
KuMfanekiso 1.3 (umbono ohlangothini), into ingakwesobunxele kanti iso lomqaphi lingakwesokudla. KuMfanekiso 1.4 (umbono ohlangothini), into kanye nesithombe sayo esikhiqizwe ilensi eqondile kungakwesobunxele kanti iso lomqaphi lingakwesokudla.
Indlela Yokusebenzisa Isikhulisi
Uma ibanga (ama) lezinto lifana nobude be-focal (f), isithombe sibonakala singokoqobo kanti ibanga (ama) lesithombe alinamkhawulo. I-Infinity ibanga lesithombe esibonakalayo esiphezulu ngoba iphuzu elikude Ibanga leso elivamile alinamkhawulo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibanga elincane lesithombe esibonakalayo lingu-25 cm ngoba eduze nendawo Iso elivamile lingu-25 cm.
Uma iso libuka isithombe esibonakalayo endaweni engapheli (eqophelweni elikude), iso lisuke lisesimweni esilinganiselwe, noma imisipha ye-ciliary isuke ikhululekile kakhulu. Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, ibanga eliphakathi kwento nengilazi yokukhulisa kumele lilingane nobude obuqondile bengilazi yokukhulisa. Uma ubude obuqondile bengilazi yokukhulisa bungama-25 cm, khona-ke ibanga eliphakathi kwento nengilazi yokukhulisa lingama-25 cm.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma iso libona isithombe esibonakalayo ebangeni elingama-25 cm (eduze nendawo), iso likwazi ukwamukela noma yikuphi. umsipha weso we-ciliary esimweni esinzima kakhulu. Uma ubude obuqondile bengilazi yokukhulisa bungu-25 cm, khona-ke iso libona isithombe esibonakalayo ebangeni elingama-25 cm lapho ibanga lento lifana nomphumela wokubala ongezansi.
Ifomula yelensi egobile kanye nesibuko:
1/s = 1/f – 1/s'
Incazelo: s = ibanga lento, f = ubude bokugxila, s' = ibanga lesithombe = eduze kwephuzu = 25 cm
Ingilazi ekhulisayo ilensi eqondile, ngakho-ke ubude bokugxila bubuhle. Isithombe sibonakala ngeso lengqondo, ngakho-ke u-s' umbi.
1/s = 1/f – (-1/s') = 1/f + 1/s'
1/s = 1/25 + 1/25 = 2/25
s = 25/2 = 12,5 cm
Uma ibanga eliqondile le-loupe lingu-25 cm, iso libona isithombe esibonakalayo ebangeni elingama-25 cm lapho ibanga lento lingu-12,5 cm. Ibanga eliphakathi kwento ne-loupe akufanele libe lincane kune-12,5 cm ngoba isithombe esikhiqizwe yi-loupe asikwazi ukubonwa kahle yiso.
Kuthiwani uma ubude obuqondile bengilazi yokukhulisa bungama-50 cm? Uma ubude obuqondile bengilazi yokukhulisa bungama-50 cm, khona-ke iso libona isithombe esibonakalayo ebangeni elingama-25 cm lapho ibanga lento lifana nomphumela wokubala ongezansi.
1/s = 1/f – (-1/s') = 1/f + 1/s'
1/s = 1/50 + 1/25 = 1/50 + 2/50 = 3/50
s = 50/3 = 16,67 cm
Uma ibanga eliqondile le-loupe lingu-50 cm, iso libona isithombe esibonakalayo ebangeni elingama-25 cm lapho ibanga lento lingu-16,7 cm. Ibanga eliphakathi kwento ne-loupe akufanele libe lincane kune-16,7 cm ngoba isithombe esikhiqizwe yi-loupe asikwazi ukubonwa kahle yiso.
Ukukhulisa i-Angle Yengilazi Ekhulisayo
Ingabe ubukhulu besithombe sento ebonwa ngengilazi yokukhulisa bukhulu uma bubonwa yiso elinendawo encane yokuhlala noma iso elinendawo ephezulu yokuhlala? Yikuphi okungcono ukukusebenzisa njengengilazi yokukhulisa, ilensi eqondile enobude obukhulu bokugxila noma ilensi eqondile enobude obuncane bokugxila? Le mibuzo ingaphendulwa ngemuva kokufunda ifomula yengilazi yokukhulisa.
