Izinhlobo Zensimbi Ezivame Ukusetshenziswa Ekwakhiweni Kwemikhumbi
Ukwakha imikhumbi kuyinkambu yobunjiniyela edinga izinto zokwakha ezinezinhlanganisela zezakhiwo ezingatholakali kalula ngaso sonke isikhathi ngesikhathi esisodwa: amandla okuthwala umthwalo, ukumelana nokugqwala ezindaweni zasolwandle, ukulula kokubumba nokushisela, kanye nokukhiqizwa nokugcinwa kwezomnotho. Phakathi kwezinketho ezahlukene zezinto zokwakha, izinsimbi zihlala ziwumgogodla wokwakha imikhumbi yesimanje, ikakhulukazi emikhunjini yokuhweba, emikhunjini yempi, emikhunjini yabagibeli, ngisho nasemikhumbini yokusebenza efana nezikebhe zokudonsa kanye nezikebhe zokuqapha. Ukukhetha insimbi efanele kuzothinta ukuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, impilo yesevisi, kanye nezindleko zokulungisa kulo lonke umjikelezo wokuphila komkhumbi.
Okulandelayo izinhlobo zensimbi ezivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi, kanye nezizathu zobuchwepheshe zokuthi kungani ngayinye yakhethwa nokuthi isetshenziswa kuziphi izingxenye zomkhumbi.
1) Insimbi Yekhabhoni Yesakhiwo Esiyinhloko
Insimbi yekhabhoni iyinto evelele kakhulu embonini yokuthumela impahla, ikakhulukazi ezindlini zokuthutha impahla, amadekhi, ama-bulkhead, ozimele, nezinye izakhiwo zangaphakathi. Izinzuzo zayo eziyinhloko amandla ayo amahle kakhulu, ukutholakala kabanzi, kanye nezindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto.
Empeleni, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi kusebenzisa insimbi yezinga lolwandle ehlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuhlukaniswa (isb., i-ABS, i-DNV, i-LR, i-BV). Le nsimbi ikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okulawulwayo kanye nezinqubo ezithile zokukhiqiza ukuze kufezwe ukuqina okwanele, ikakhulukazi emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ingozi yokuqhekeka okuqhekekayo.
Kodwa-ke, insimbi yekhabhoni inobuthakathaka obukhulu: isengozini yokugqwala ezindaweni zasolwandle. Ngakho-ke, imikhumbi yensimbi ihlala ithembele ezinhlelweni zokuvikela ukugqwala njengezimbozo zokuvikela, ama-anode e-sacrifice, noma ukuvikelwa kwe-cathodic yamanje okuthintekile (ICCP). Ukugcinwa njalo kubalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza kwesakhiwo.
2) Insimbi Eqinile Enamandla Yokusebenza Kahle Kwesisindo
Ngaphezu kwensimbi yekhabhoni ejwayelekile, imikhumbi eminingi yesimanje isebenzisa insimbi enamandla kakhulu (njenge-AH36, i-DH36, i-EH36, kanye namagremu afanayo) ezindaweni ezidinga amandla aphezulu noma ukunciphisa isisindo sesakhiwo ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukuphepha. Amandla aphezulu okudonseka kanye namandla okukhiqiza kuvumela ukujiya kwepuleti okuncishisiwe ezindaweni ezithile, okuholela esisindweni esiphansi semikhumbi kanye nokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli okuthuthukisiwe.
Lolu hlobo lwensimbi luvame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezicindezeleke kakhulu, njengedekhi eliyinhloko, indawo ezungeze izimbobo zemikhumbi yezimpahla, noma izakhiwo ezinde zemikhumbi emikhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi enamandla amakhulu kudinga ukunakwa okukhulu ezinqubweni zokushisela kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi, njengoba izakhiwo zayo zemishini zingathinteka ukushisa (indawo ethinteke ukushisa) uma ingacutshungulwanga kahle.
3) Insimbi Engagqwali Yokumelana Nokugqwala Ezinhlelweni Ezithile
Insimbi engagqwali isetshenziswa ezingxenyeni zasolwandle ezidinga ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu, ikakhulukazi emapayipini, emathangini, ezingcezu, nasezingcezu ezihlangana namanzi olwandle noma uketshezi olugqwala. Amazinga ajwayelekile afaka uchungechunge lwe-austenitic njenge-304/304L kanye ne-316/316L, kanti i-316 ngokuvamile imelana kakhulu nokugqwala kwe-chloride ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo kwe-molybdenum.
Ezisetshenzisweni zasolwandle, insimbi engagqwali ivame ukukhethwa ngenxa yalokhu:
– Izinhlelo ezithile zamapayipi amanzi olwandle kanye namanzi ahlanzekile
– Imishini endaweni yemikhumbi noma egumbini lezokwelapha (ihlanzekile futhi kulula ukuyihlanza)
– Amathangi amakhemikhali emathangini amakhemikhali (anezinga elikhethekile ngokwemithwalo)
– Izingxenye ze-fastener (ama-bolt, amantongomane) ezindaweni ezivame ukugqwala
Nakuba ingagqwali, insimbi engagqwali ayivikelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokugqwala. Ezindaweni ezine-chloride, kusenengozi yokugqwala kwemigodi kanye nemifantu, ikakhulukazi uma ukwakheka kwejoyinti kudala izikhala noma uma kwenzeka ukungcola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimbi engagqwali ivame ukubiza kakhulu kunensimbi evamile, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuvame ukukhetha.
4) I-Aluminium kanye ne-Alloys yayo yezakhiwo ezinkulu kanye nezikebhe zejubane
I-Aluminium (ikakhulukazi i-5xxx kanye ne-6xxx series aluminium alloys yokusetshenziswa olwandle) ithandwa kakhulu ezakhiweni ezinkulu kanye nemikhumbi enesivinini esikhulu njengezikebhe ezisheshayo, izikebhe zokuqapha, noma imikhumbi yokuzijabulisa. Inzuzo enkulu ye-Aluminium ukuthi iphansi kakhulu kunensimbi, okunciphisa kakhulu isisindo somkhumbi. Lokhu kunciphisa isisindo kusiza ekuzinzeni, umthamo womthwalo, kanye nokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli.
I-Aluminium nayo inokumelana okuhle nokugqwala ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo kwengqimba ye-oxide yemvelo. Kodwa-ke, ekusetshenzisweni kwasolwandle, kusadingeka isivikelo esengeziwe, ikakhulukazi ukuvimbela ukugqwala kwe-galvanic lapho i-aluminium ihlangana nezinye izinsimbi ezifana nensimbi noma ithusi ezimweni ezimanzi/ezinosawoti. Ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwezivikelo, ukumbozwa, kanye nomklamo wokuxhuma kubalulekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushisela nge-aluminium kudinga izinqubo namakhono akhethekile. Ukulawula ukuhlanekezelwa kokushisa, ukukhethwa kokugcwalisa, kanye nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yokushisela kubalulekile ekugcineni ukuqina kwesakhiwo.
5) Ithusi, Ithusi, kanye Nethusi Lezinhlelo Zokuphayipha kanye Nezingxenye Ezikhethekile
Izinsimbi ezisekelwe ethusi zisetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukumelana nokugqwala kwamanzi olwandle kanye nezakhiwo ezithile zokulwa nokungcola kwezinto eziphilayo. Ithusi elimsulwa alivamile ukusetshenziswa ezakhiweni, kodwa izinsimbi ezifana nethusi kanye nethusi zivame kakhulu ezingxenyeni zasolwandle.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezivamile zifaka:
- Ama-valve, izinto zokufaka, kanye nezingxenye zephampu
- Ama-bushing nama-bearings athile
– I-Propeller (ngokuvamile isebenzisa ithusi le-nickel-aluminium/NAB)
– I-heat exchanger (kuye ngokuthi idizayini kanye nezidingo)
Ithusi, ikakhulukazi ama-alloy athile, aziwa ukuthi asebenza kahle kakhulu kuma-propeller asolwandle ngenxa yamandla awo, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nokumelana nokugoba. Kodwa-ke, ukukhethwa kwe-alloy kumele kuhambisane nezimo zokusebenza, njengoba amanye ama-alloy ethusi (ikakhulukazi ithusi) angabola uma evezwa emanzini olwandle isikhathi eside.
6) I-Nickel kanye nama-alloy ayo ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu
Emikhumbini enezidingo ezikhethekile—njengemikhumbi yenqubo yasogwini, ezinye izithwali zamakhemikhali, noma izinhlelo zezinjini ezishisa kakhulu—kungasetshenziswa izinsimbi ze-nickel ezifana ne-Monel noma i-Inconel. Lezi zinsimbi ziphumelela kakhulu ekumelaneni nokugqwala (kufaka phakathi amanzi olwandle) kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu.
Ngenxa yezindleko zayo eziphakeme, ama-nickel alloys avame ukusetshenziswa kuphela ezingxenyeni ezibaluleke kakhulu, njengezingxenye zepompo, izinhlelo ezithile zamapayipi, noma izingxenye zenjini kanye nezokuphuma ezibhekana nezimo ezinzima.
7) I-Titanium Yezicelo Ezikhethekile Ezinenani Eliphezulu
I-Titanium inikeza isilinganiso esihle kakhulu samandla nesisindo kanye nokumelana nokugqwala okumangalisayo emanzini olwandle. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zayo eziphezulu zezinto zokwakha kanye nokukhiqiza zikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwayo emikhunjini yezentengiselwano evamile. I-Titanium ivame ukutholakala ezisetshenziswa zempi, emikhunjini engaphansi komhlaba, noma ezingxenyeni ezikhethekile ezifana nezishintshi zokushisa ezinhlelweni ezithile ezidinga ukuqina okuphezulu ngesisindo esincane.
Izici Ezibalulekile Ekukhetheni Insimbi Yemikhumbi
Nakuba uhlu lwezinsimbi ezingenhla lunikeza umbono jikelele, ukukhethwa kwezinto zomkhumbi akukhona nje ukuthi "yiyiphi insimbi enamandla kakhulu." Onjiniyela basemanzini bacabangela izici eziningana ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa:
1. Amasu okumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuvikela (ukugqoka, i-cathodic, ukwakheka kwamanzi)
2. Amandla, ukuqina, kanye nokumelana nokukhathala ngenxa yamagagasi nokudlidliza
3. Ukulula kokwenziwa (ukusika, ukwakha, ukushisela, ukuhlolwa kwe-NDT)
4. Izindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila (intengo yezinto ezibonakalayo + ukulungiswa + isikhathi sokungasebenzi)
5. Ukuthobela imithetho yokuhlela kanye nezindinganiso zokuphepha
6. Ingozi yokugqwala kwe-galvanic ezinhlanganisweni zezinsimbi ezingafani
I-Penutup
Izinsimbi ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi zikhethwa ngokusekelwe ekuvumelaneni okuhle kakhulu phakathi kokusebenza, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukulula kokukhiqizwa, kanye nezindleko. Izinsimbi zekhabhoni nezinamandla aphezulu zihlala ziyizinto eziyinhloko zezakhiwo zemikhumbi ngenxa yamandla azo kanye nokonga kwazo, kuyilapho insimbi engagqwali, i-aluminium, i-alloy yethusi, i-alloy ye-nickel, kanye ne-titanium kugcwalisa izindima ezikhethekile kuye ngezidingo zokusebenza. Ngokukhethwa kwezinto ezifanele kanye nokugcinwa okufanele, imikhumbi ingasebenza ngokuphepha nangokusebenza kahle amashumi eminyaka, ngisho nasezindaweni zasolwandle ezinolaka kakhulu.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe sezobuchwepheshe kakhulu (isib., ukwengeza izibonelo zamabanga ensimbi yemikhumbi, amazinga okuhlukaniswa, noma izifundo zamacala okukhethwa kwezinto zezinhlobo ezithile zemikhumbi).
