Izinhlobo Zensimbi Ezisetshenziswa Ekwenzeni Izingxenye Zekhompyutha
Amakhompyutha esiwasebenzisa nsuku zonke abonakala njengeqoqo elihle lama-elekthronikhi: ikesi, isikrini, ikhibhodi, kanye nezinto ezahlukahlukene ezingaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwakho konke lokho kukhona "umgogodla" wezinto ezigcina idivayisi izinzile, ihlala isikhathi eside, futhi ikwazi ukuhambisa ugesi nokushisa kahle. Elinye lamaqembu abaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezingxenye zekhompyutha yinsimbi. Izinsimbi zikhethwa ngenxa yokuqhuba kwazo okuhle kukagesi nokushisa, amandla omshini, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala (kuye ngohlobo). Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinhlobo zezinsimbi ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezingxenyeni zekhompyutha, imisebenzi yazo, nokuthi kungani ziyisinqumo esiyinhloko semboni.
1. Ithusi
Ithusi liyinsimbi ehambisana nomhlaba wezinto zikagesi. Isizathu sisobala: ithusi linomoya kagesi ophezulu kakhulu, okuvumela ukuthi liqhube ugesi kahle futhi linciphise ukulahleka kwamandla. Kumakhompyutha, ithusi livame ukutholakala ku:
– Amathrekhi ku-PCB (Ibhodi Lesekethe Eliphrintiwe): Izendlalelo zethusi zakha “ama-trace” axhumanisa izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi.
– Izintambo nezixhumi: Izintambo zikagesi, izintambo zedatha, nezixhumi zivame ukusebenzisa ama-core ethusi.
– Isinki yokushisa kanye nepayipi yokushisa: Ngenxa yokuthi ithusi linokushisa okuphezulu, lidlulisela ukushisa kusuka ku-CPU/GPU kuya emaphinini okupholisa ngempumelelo.
Ubunzima bethusi yintengo yalo ephezulu kakhulu kune-aluminium kanye nesisindo salo esinzima. Kodwa-ke, ukuze uthole izidingo ezifanele zokushisa kanye nokudluliselwa kwamandla kagesi, ithusi lihlala liyindinganiso.
2. I-Aluminium
I-Aluminium isetshenziswa kabanzi ngoba ilula, iqinile, ayibizi kakhulu, futhi inokumelana okuhle nokugqwala (ngenxa yongqimba lwayo lwe-oxide yemvelo). Ku-hardware yekhompyutha, i-aluminium ivame ukusetshenziswa ku:
– Amakesi e-Laptop nama-PC: Anikeza ukuqina kwesakhiwo ngaphandle kokwengeza isisindo esiningi.
– Isinki Sokushisa: Nakuba ukuhanjiswa kwayo kokushisa kuphansi kunethusi, i-aluminium yakhiwa kalula ibe yizimpiko ezincane ezandisa indawo yokushabalalisa ukushisa.
– Ozimele bezingxenye namabhuleki: Isibonelo, ama-HDD/SSD mounts noma ozimele be-PSU.
Ngenxa yokuvumelana phakathi kokusebenza kokushisa, izindleko, kanye nesisindo, i-aluminium isibe yinsimbi ethandwayo yemiklamo yezimboni zamakhompyutha zesimanje, ikakhulukazi ama-laptop.
3. Igolide
Igolide laziwa njengensimbi eyigugu, kodwa indima yalo kumakhompyutha akuyona nje "into yokunethezeka." Igolide lisetshenziswa ngoba:
- Ukuhambisa kahle kukagesi
– Imelana kakhulu nokugqwala kanye nokubola
– Ukuxhumana kukagesi okuzinzile isikhathi eside
Igolide livame ukutholakala njengengubo encane (igolide elicwebezelayo) kuma-connector pin, njengezixhumi ze-RAM, izikhala ze-PCIe, izixhumi ezithile zekhebula, kanye noxhumana nabo be-CPU. Uma oxhumana nabo bexhumi begqwala kalula, ukuphazamiseka kwesignali kungenzeka, okubangela amaphutha, futhi kuvimbele ngisho nokutholwa kwedivayisi. I-Gold plating isiza ukugcina ikhwalithi yokuxhumeka kukagesi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibhekana nokungqubuzana okuvamile ngesikhathi sokufakwa nokususwa.
4. Isiliva
Isiliva sinamandla okudlulisa ugesi aphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwezinsimbi, singcono kakhulu kunethusi. Kodwa-ke, siyabiza kakhulu futhi singangcolisa (sibe mnyama) ngenxa yokusabela kwesulfure emoyeni. Naphezu kwalokhu, isiliva sisasetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni eziningana ezikhethekile, njenge:
– Ama-paste athile aqhubayo kanye nama-solder
- Ukuxhumana kukagesi okusebenza kahle kakhulu
– Ezinye izendlalelo noma izingxenye kumadivayisi athile zidinga ukumelana okuphansi kakhulu.
Ezingxenyeni zekhompyutha ezivamile, isiliva ngokuvamile alisetshenziswa kakhulu njengethusi noma i-aluminium ngenxa yezindleko.
5. Ithini
I-Tin idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni insimbi. I-Solder iyinsimbi exhumanisayo ehlanganisa izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi namabhodi wesekethe aphrintiwe. Ngaphambilini, i-solder yayinenani elikhulu le-lead, kodwa imboni ye-elekthronikhi manje isishintshele kuma-solder angenalo i-lead, ngokuvamile asekelwe ku-tin ngengxube yezinye izinsimbi ezifana nesiliva nethusi.
Amakhompyutha anamuhla anezinkulungwane zamajoyinti e-solder, ikakhulukazi kuma-motherboard namakhadi ehluzo. Ikhwalithi ye-solder ibalulekile ekuthembekeni kwedivayisi: ukunamathela okungekuhle kungabangela ukuxhumana okuqhekekile (ikakhulukazi okuvela emijikelezweni yokushisa nokubanda), okuholela ezinkingeni ezifana "nokungabonisi," ukuqala kabusha kwedivayisi njalo, noma ukwehluleka kwe-port ngokuzumayo.
6. I-Nickel
I-Nickel ivame ukusetshenziswa njengesembozo esivikelayo nesiqinisayo ezingxenyeni eziningi. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukwandisa ukumelana nokugqwala nokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini zezindawo. Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwe-nickel ezingxenyeni zekhompyutha zifaka:
– Ukufaka iplati esixhumini (ngokuvamile njengesendlalelo sesisekelo ngaphambi kwegolide)
– Ukufaka i-heatsink noma izingxenye ezithile ukuvimbela i-oxidation
- Ingxube yezinsimbi ezahlukahlukene zensimbi
I-nickel nayo ibalulekile embonini ye-electroplating, njengoba isiza ekudaleni izindawo eziqinile nezihlala isikhathi eside.
7. Insimbi Nensimbi (Insimbi Nensimbi)
Nakuba amakhompyutha evame ukubizwa ngokuthi “izingxenye ezincane ze-elekthronikhi,” isakhiwo sawo esibonakalayo sisebenzisa kakhulu insimbi nensimbi. Insimbi iyinhlanganisela yensimbi enekhabhoni eyengeziwe nezinye izinto zokwandisa amandla. Kumakhompyutha, insimbi ivame ukusetshenziswa ku:
– Uhlaka lwekesi le-PC yedeskithophu
- Izikulufo, amabakaki, kanye nezivikeli zezingxenye
– Izingxenye zangaphakathi ze-PSU (Iyunithi Yokunikezela Ngamandla)
Insimbi/insimbi inezinzuzo maqondana namandla kanye nezindleko, yize inzima futhi isengozini yokugqwala uma ishiywa ingagqokwanga. Ngakho-ke, izingxenye zensimbi zivame ukupendwa, zifakwe i-galvanized, noma ezinye izembozo.
8. I-Zinc
I-Zinc ivame ukusetshenziswa njengesembozo esivikelayo (i-galvanization) ensimbini ukuvimbela ukugqwala. Iphinde isetshenziswe kuma-alloy anjengalawa:
– Ithusi: ingxubevange yethusi ne-zinc, evame ukusetshenziswa ezikulufini, kuma-motherboard standoffs, kanye nezinye izixhumi ngoba iqinile futhi imelana nokugqwala.
– I-alloy ekhipha i-die-casting (isb. i-Zamak): esetshenziselwa izingxenye ezincane ezidinga izimo eziqondile, amandla anele, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesisindo okushibhile.
I-Zinc ayibonakali “kaningi” ngumsebenzisi, kodwa inegalelo elikhulu ekuqineni kwemishini kanye nokuphila kwengxenye.
9. I-Cobalt
I-Cobalt ivame ukuxoxwa ngayo ngomongo wamabhethri, ikakhulukazi kumabhethri e-lithium-ion asetshenziswa kuma-laptop. Amanye ama-chemist ebhethri asebenzisa izinto ezisekelwe ku-cobalt (isb., i-LCO noma i-NMC) ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kanye nobuningi bamandla. Nakuba ingeyona "insimbi" ngesimo sesakhiwo esifana nohlaka, i-cobalt iyingxenye ebalulekile yezinto ze-electrochemical zebhethri.
Ngenxa yokusimama kanye nezinkinga zokumbiwa kwezimayini zokuziphatha, imboni iyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa amabhethri anokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-cobalt, kodwa i-cobalt isalokhu iyinto ebalulekile kumabhethri amaningi.
10. I-Tantalum (i-Tantalum)
I-Tantalum ivame ukusetshenziswa kuma-capacitor e-tantalum, izingxenye ezincane ezigcina futhi ziqinise izindleko zikagesi. Lolu hlobo lwe-capacitor lwaziwa ngokuthi:
- Usayizi omncane onekhono eliphezulu
– Izinzile emazingeni okushisa athile
- Ithembekile kumasekethe kagesi
Ama-capacitor e-Tantalum avame ukutholakala kuma-motherboard, amakhadi ehluzo, kanye namadivayisi ekhompyutha aqinile. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi i-tantalum ihlotshaniswa nezinkinga "zamaminerali ezingqubuzanayo" (kwezinye izintambo zokuhlinzeka), abakhiqizi abakhulu bavame ukuba nezinqubomgomo zokuthola izinto eziqinile.
I-Penutup
Ukudalwa kwezingxenye zekhompyutha kuyinhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kanye nokukhethwa kwezinto ezithile kakhulu. Ithusi lihamba phambili ezindleleni zikagesi kanye nokudluliselwa kokushisa, i-aluminium ilungele izakhiwo ezilula kanye nezinki zokushisa, igolide ne-nickel kugcina ukuxhumana kwekhwalithi, i-tin yakha umgogodla we-solder, kanti insimbi inikeza amandla omshini ku-chassis. Izinsimbi ezifana ne-cobalt ne-tantalum, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zidlala indima ebalulekile kumabhethri nasekusekeleni izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi. Ukuqonda izinhlobo zezinsimbi ezisetshenziswa kumakhompyutha kusisiza sibone ukuthi amadivayisi edijithali awawona nje "ama-chips" kanye "nesofthiwe," kodwa futhi nemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yobunjiniyela bezinto zezinga lezimboni.
Uma ungathanda, ngingangeza isigaba esikhethekile esichaza izinsimbi engxenyeni ngayinye (i-CPU, i-GPU, i-RAM, i-motherboard, i-SSD/HDD, i-PSU, kanye nekesi) ukuze senze isihloko sibe nesakhiwo esihle njengemodyuli yokufunda.
