Iyini Inqubo Yokwenza Insimbi Yethusi Nge-Ore
Ithusi lingenye yezinsimbi eziyigugu kakhulu emhlabeni, ezisetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo kusukela embonini kagesi neye-elekthronikhi kuya ekwenzeni amapayipi nokwakha uphahla. Ithusi alitholakali njengensimbi yamahhala ngokwemvelo, kodwa litholakala ngesimo sensimbi edinga ukucutshungulwa ukuze kutholakale insimbi emsulwa. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokuningiliziwe ngenqubo yokwenza insimbi yethusi kusuka ku-ore, kusukela ekukhishweni kwe-ore kuya ekucwengisisweni kokugcina.
1. Ukumbiwa Kwensimbi Yethusi
Inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwethusi iqala ngokumbiwa kwetshe layo. Itshe lethusi lingatholakala ngezindlela ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-oxide, i-sulfide, kanye ne-carbonate. Ukumbiwa kwetshe lethusi kungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukumbiwa kwemigodi evulekile kanye nokumbiwa komhlaba.
– Ukumbiwa kwemigodi evulekile: Kusetshenziselwa i-ore eseduze nomhlaba. Izingqimba zomhlabathi kanye namatshe ngaphezu kwe-ore ziyasuswa ukuze kuvezwe i-ore.
– Ukumba Ngaphansi Komhlaba: Kusetshenziselwa i-ore etholakala ekujuleni komhlaba. Kudalwa imigodi noma imigodi yokubhoboza ukuze kufinyelelwe ku-ore.
2. Ukuchoboza Nokugaya Itshe Eliyigugu
Ngemva kokuba insimbi yethusi isimbiwe, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuchoboza nokugaya insimbi. Le nqubo yehlisa usayizi wezinhlayiya zensimbi, okwenza kube lula ukuyicubungula. Ukuchoboza ngokuvamile kuhilela izigaba eziningana, okuhlanganisa:
– Ukuchoboza: Ukusebenzisa imishini efana nezichobo zokugaya kanye nezichobo zokugaya ukuze kuchobozwe i-ore ecolekile ibe ngamasayizi amancane.
– Ukugaya: Ukusebenzisa umshini wokugaya ibhola noma umshini wokugaya induku ukugaya i-ore echotshoziwe kuze kube yilapho ifinyelela usayizi ofanele inqubo elandelayo.
3. Ukuhlukaniswa kwensimbi ne-ore (ukugxila)
Inqubo elandelayo ukuhlukaniswa kwensimbi yethusi netshe layo, okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlushwa. Kunezindlela eziningana ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokuhlushwa:
– Ukuntanta Okunegwebu: Le ndlela isebenza kahle kakhulu kuma-ore e-sulfide. I-ore echotshoziwe ixutshwa namanzi kanye nekhemikhali yokuntanta, okubangela ukuthi izinhlayiya zethusi zinamathele kuma-bubble egwebu. Lawa magwebu abe esehlukaniswa nengxube esele.
– Ukuthosa: Kusetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa ithusi ne-sulfide ore. I-ore iyashiswa emoyeni ovulekile ukuze i-sulfide ishintshe ibe yi-oxide.
– Ukuvuza: Kusetshenziselwa ama-ore e-oxide ne-carbonate. I-ore ifakwa esixazululweni se-sulfuric acid esincibilikisa ithusi ukuze lihlukaniswe nezinye izinto.
4. Ukuncibilikisa Nokuguqula
Ngemva kokuba insimbi yethusi ixubile, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuncibilikisa. Le nqubo ihilela ukushisa ingxube yethusi esithandweni emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu ukuze iguqulwe ibe yinsimbi ewuketshezi. Izinyathelo zokuncibilikisa yilezi ezilandelayo:
– Ukuncibilikisa: Ukugxila kwethusi, okuvame ukuba ngesimo se-sulfide, kushiswa esithandweni kanye ne-flux (njenge-silica) ukuze kuhlukaniswe insimbi nokungcola. Kulesi sigaba, kwakheka ithusi elincibilikisiwe kanye ne-matte. I-Matte iyinhlanganisela ye-iron sulfide kanye ne-copper sulfide.
– Ukuguqula: I-matte ekhiqizwa ngokuncibilikisa iphinda ifudunyezwe ku-converter. Le nqubo ihilela ukwengeza umoya noma i-oxygen ukuze kufakwe i-iron ne-sulfur ku-matte, kushiye i-blister copper (ithusi elinokuhlanzeka okungaba ngu-98%).
5. Ukucwengisisa ithusi
Ithusi eliyi-blister elikhiqizwa ngenqubo yokuguqula lisenazo ezinye izinto ezingcolile, ngakho-ke lidinga ukuhlanzwa okwengeziwe. Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokucwenga ithusi:
– Ukucwengisiswa Kwe-Pyrometallurgical: Ithusi eliqhumayo liyashiswa kabusha esithandweni ukuze kususwe okunye ukungcola okufana nensimbi nesibabule. Le nqubo ikhiqiza ithusi elihlanzekile cishe ngo-99%.
– Ukuhluzwa Kwe-Electrolytic: Lena yindlela evame kakhulu esetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ithusi elihlanzekile kakhulu (elingaphezu kuka-99.99%). Ithusi eliqhumayo liyancibilika bese lithululelwa kuma-anode, abese esetshenziswa kumaseli e-electrolytic. Ithusi elihlanzekile lifakwa ku-cathode, kuyilapho ukungcola kuwela phansi njengodaka lwe-anode noma kuhlale kusisombululo se-electrolyte.
6. Imikhiqizo Yokugcina Nokucubungula Okuqhubekayo
Ngemva kokuba ithusi selicwengisisiwe, umkhiqizo wokugcina uvame ukuphonswa emapuletini, ezindongeni, noma ocingweni. Lesi yisigaba sokugcina enkambisweni yokukhiqiza ithusi. Kodwa-ke, leli thusi elimsulwa lingacutshungulwa kabanzi ukuze lisetshenziswe ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, njengocingo lukagesi, amapayipi, ama-alloy, nezinye izingxenye ezahlukahlukene.
Izinhlelo Zokusebenza Ezithuthukisiwe
– Imboni Kagesi Neye-elekthronikhi: Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-Copper kusembonini kagesi neye-elekthronikhi. Ngenxa yokuqhuba kwayo kahle kukagesi, i-copper isetshenziswa ezintanjeni, ezimotweni, ezinjinini, nakwezinye izinto zikagesi ezahlukahlukene.
– Imishini Yasekhaya Neyokwakha: Ithusi lisetshenziswa emapayipini, ophahleni, kanye nemishini yasekhaya ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kanye nokuqina kwalo.
– Ama-Alloy Ethusi: Ithusi livame ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izinsimbi ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-alloy anezakhiwo ezingcono, njengethusi (ingxube yethusi nethini) kanye nethusi (ingxube yethusi ne-zinc).
Isiphetho
Inqubo yokukhiqiza insimbi yethusi ngetshe eliyigugu ayilula. Ihilela izinyathelo eziningana eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuhlanganisa ukumbiwa, ukuchoboza, ukugaya, ukugxilisa ingqondo, ukuncibilikisa, kanye nokucwengisisa. Isigaba ngasinye sidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni insimbi yethusi esezingeni eliphezulu efanele ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni ezahlukahlukene.
Ngokuqonda okujulile ukuthi ithusi licutshungulwa kanjani kusukela ensimbini eyomile kuya ensimbini emsulwa, singakuqonda kangcono ukubaluleka kokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe embonini yezimayini kanye ne-metallurgy. Kulindeleke ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle futhi obunobungani nemvelo kuqhubeke, ngenxa yesidingo esikhulayo sale nsimbi emikhakheni eyahlukene.
