Umlando Wesibani Sika-Edison Esikhanyayo
Isibani sokukhanya esikhanyayo sesibe ngesinye seziqalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wempucuko yanamuhla, siguqula indlela abantu ababona futhi baxhumana ngayo nomhlaba. Umuntu oyedwa ovame ukudunyiswa ngokwazisa nokuphelelisa isibani sokukhanya esikhanyayo nguThomas Alva Edison. Lesi sihloko sizobukeza umlando wesibani sika-Edison esikhanyayo, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwaso kwasekuqaleni, izinselele ezibhekene nazo, kuya emthonjeni wezenhlalo nezomnotho walesi siqalo.
Isizinda kanye Nokutholwa Kwasekuqaleni
Ngaphambi kuka-Edison, abasunguli abaningi babezame ukudala ama-bulb okukhanya asebenza kahle kakhulu. Empeleni, i-bulb ye-incandescent isebenza ngokushisa i-filament ize ikhanye. USir Humphry Davy, usosayensi waseNgilandi, wayengomunye wabasunguli bokuqala ukudala ukukhanya ngempumelelo esebenzisa ugesi ngo-1802. Wasebenzisa ugesi ogeleza ngeplatinum strip ukukhiqiza ukukhanya. Kodwa-ke, lezi zibani zazingasebenzi kahle futhi zazihlala isikhathi esifushane kakhulu.
Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, uWarren de la Rue, isazi samakhemikhali saseNgilandi, wazama ukuthuthukisa lo mqondo ngokusebenzisa imicu yeplatinum ngaphakathi kwamapayipi e-vacuum. Nakuba lobu buchwepheshe babuhlala isikhathi eside, izindleko eziphakeme zeplatinum zenza kwaba nzima ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano.
Ngo-1854, uHeinrich Göbel, umJalimane waseMelika, wadala isibani esikhanyayo esinentambo eyenziwe nge-carbon bamboo. Lobu buchwepheshe babuseduze nokuphelela, kodwa babudinga ukuthuthukiswa okuningi.
Inguquko kaThomas Alva Edison
UThomas Alva Edison wazalwa ngomhlaka-11 kuNhlolanja 1847, eMilan, e-Ohio, e-United States. Nakuba wayengumsunguli odumile onezimvume zobunikazi ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane, odume kakhulu kwakuyisibani sokukhanyisa esikhanyayo.
Ngo-1879, u-Edison waqala ukuzama izinto ezahlukahlukene ze-filament. Ngemva kokwenza izivivinyo ezingaphezu kuka-3.000, ekugcineni wathola ukuthi i-carbon filament yayiyisinqumo esingcono kakhulu. Ngo-Okthoba 21, 1879, u-Edison waphumelela ukudala isibani esikhanyayo esasivutha amahora angu-13,5 ngaphandle kokuphuma ngaphansi kwe-vacuum.
Kunezici eziningana ezintsha zesibani se-incandescent esakhiwe ngu-Edison ezihlukile ezintweni ezisunguliwe ngaphambilini:
1. I-Carbon Filament: Ukusungulwa kuka-Edison kwe-carbon filament kwanikeza ukuqina okungakaze kubonwe. Nakuba le ntambo ekugcineni yathathelwa indawo yi-tungsten filament enamandla futhi esebenza kahle, i-carbon yaba yintuthuko ebalulekile ekuqaleni.
2. I-Vacuum Tube: U-Edison waqinisekisa ukuthi i-filament isepayipini le-vacuum noma igcwele igesi ethile ukuvimbela i-oxidation, ngaleyo ndlela kwandiswe isikhathi sokuphila kwesibani.
3. Uhlelo Lukagesi: U-Edison waqaphela ukuthi isibani sokukhanyisa esikhanyayo sizoba usizo kuphela uma kukhona uhlelo lukagesi olusekela ukusetshenziswa kwaso. Ngakho-ke, yena nethimba lakhe nabo bathuthukise uhlelo lokusabalalisa ugesi olusebenza kahle. Ngo-1882, wakha isitshalo sikagesi ePearl Street, eNew York, esikhonza indawo yaseManhattan.
Izinselele kanye nezimpikiswano
Njengezinto eziningi ezintsha, isibani sika-Edison esikhanyayo sasinazo izinselele nezimpikiswano zaso. Enye yezinkinga ezivame ukuphakanyiswa yimpikiswano yokuthi ngubani umsunguli "weqiniso" wesibani esikhanyayo esikhanyayo. Abanye abantu abaningi, njengoNikola Tesla noHiram Maxim, nabo benze ucwaningo nentuthuko ensimini efanayo.
Isibonelo, uSir Joseph Swan, umsunguli waseNgilandi, naye wathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhanya kwe-carbon filament incandescent cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo no-Edison. Ngo-1880, u-Edison noSwan bagcina benqume ukubambisana futhi basungula i-Edison & Swan United Electric Light Company.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona izinselele zobuchwepheshe nezomnotho ekwenzeni lobu buchwepheshe buthandwe. U-Edison kwadingeka anqobe izinkinga zokusebenzisa kahle amandla, ukusatshalaliswa kukagesi, kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza ukuze kwenziwe ukukhanya kwe-incandescent kutholakale emphakathini jikelele. Ukwakha ingqalasizinda enkulu kagesi nakho kwakudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kanye nesikhathi esiningi.
Imiphumela Yezenhlalo Nezomnotho
Isibani sika-Edison esikhanyayo saba nomthelela omkhulu ongathintanga nje kuphela imikhakha yesayensi nobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi wathonya nezici zomphakathi nezomnotho.
1. Izinguquko Endleleni Yokuphila: Ngaphambi kokuba izibani zikagesi, uphethiloli namakhandlela kwakuyizinto eziyinhloko eziletha ukukhanya ebusuku. Ukusungulwa kuka-Edison kwenza umphakathi waba nokukhanya okukhanyayo, okuzinzile, nokuphephile. Lokhu kwashintsha umsebenzi kanye nezindlela zomphakathi, okuvumela abantu ukuthi basebenze futhi bahlanganyele emisebenzini isikhathi eside ngemva kokushona kwelanga.
2. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezimboni: Lobu buchwepheshe obusha bokukhanyisa busheshise ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ngokuvumela amafektri nezinye izindawo zokusebenza ukuthi zisebenze ubusuku nemini. Lokhu kwandisa kakhulu umkhiqizo, kwakhuthaza ukukhula komnotho.
3. Ukufudukela emadolobheni: Ngokufika kokukhanya kukagesi okusebenzayo, amadolobha amakhulu aqala ukukhula ngokushesha. Izifunda zezentengiselwano nezindawo zokuhlala zakhiwa ezindaweni ezahlukene, futhi izinhlelo zokuhamba ezifana nezitimela zikagesi nama-tram zaqala ukusebenza.
4. Ezinye Izinto Ezintsha: Impumelelo yesibani se-incandescent yakhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kweminye imikhakha. U-Edison ngokwakhe waqhubeka nocwaningo lwakhe ngokudala amadivayisi nezinhlelo ezahlukene zikagesi, njenge-phonograph kanye ne-power generator.
Isiphetho Sokugcina
Ekugcineni, umlando ka-Edison wesibani se-incandescent uyindaba yokuphikelela okumangalisayo, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nombono. Nakuba ayengeyena yedwa umsunguli owayesebenza kulo mkhakha, ikhono lakhe lokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obusebenzayo kwezentengiselwano kanye nesistimu yokusabalalisa kagesi esebenza kahle kumenza abe ngumuntu obalulekile emlandweni wokukhanya okwenziwe.
Lokhu kusungulwa akushintshanga nje kuphela indlela abantu abakha ngayo imithombo yokukhanya, kodwa futhi kwashintsha kakhulu izakhiwo zomphakathi nezenhlalo. Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni kuya ekuguqulweni kwempilo yansuku zonke, ifa lika-Edison lizokhunjulwa njengengqophamlando ebalulekile emlandweni wezobuchwepheshe.
Ezweni eliqhubeka nokushintsha ngokushesha, ifa lika-Edison lisikhumbuza ukuthi ukusungula izinto ezintsha akupheli futhi kuhlale kunendawo yokuthuthukisa engaba nomthelela omkhulu empucukweni yabantu.
