Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwethiyori Yokwelulekwa
Ukwelulekwa kuyisifundo esihlose ukunikeza ukwesekwa nosizo kubantu ngabanye ekuqondeni nasekunqobeni izinkinga nezinselele ezingokomzwelo nezingokwengqondo ababhekene nazo. Inqubo yokwelulekwa ihilela ubudlelwano obusebenzisanayo phakathi komeluleki kanye neklayenti, lapho umeluleki esiza iklayenti ukuhlola imizwa, imicabango, kanye nokuziphatha ukuze liziqonde kangcono futhi lithole izindlela zokunqoba izithiyo elibhekene nazo. Ithiyori yokwelulekwa ithuthuke ngokushesha kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ithonywe izindlela ezahlukene zengqondo nezenhlalo, kanye nokucabanga kochwepheshe abaphambili emikhakheni yezengqondo kanye nempilo yengqondo. Okulandelayo incazelo yomlando wokuthuthukiswa kwethiyori yokwelulekwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
## 1. Isikhathi Sokuqala Sokwelulekwa (Ekuqaleni Kwekhulu Lama-20)
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukuvela kwemikhuba yokweluleka kwathonywa yizinyathelo eziqhubekayo zokuguqulwa kwezenhlalo nezemfundo. Umuntu oyedwa obalulekile phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakunguFrank Parsons, owaziwa ngokuthi "uBaba Wezokweluleka Ngomsebenzi." UParsons wasungula i-Bureau of Vocational Guidance eBoston ngo-1908 futhi wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokusiza abantu ukuthi bakhethe imisebenzi efanela amakhono abo kanye nezintshisekelo zabo. Indlela kaParsons igxile ekuzihloleni, ekuhloleni umsebenzi, kanye nokweluleka ukuze kufane abantu nemisebenzi efanele.
## 2. Ukuhlaziywa Kwengqondo (1900-1950)
USigmund Freud, isazi sezinzwa sase-Austria, wasungula ithiyori yokuhlaziya ingqondo eyathonya izici eziningi zengqondo, okuhlanganisa nokwelulekwa. Ukuhlaziywa kwengqondo kwagcizelela ukubaluleka kwengqondo engazi lutho kanye nethonya lobuntwana ekuthuthukisweni kobuntu. UFreud wethula amasu anjengokuhlangana ngokukhululekile, ukuhlaziya amaphupho, kanye nokudluliselana ukuze kusizwe abantu ukuthi baveze izingxabano ezifihliwe zemizwa engazi lutho.
Nakuba ukuhlaziywa kwengqondo kungokwemfundiso futhi kudinga isikhathi esiningi sokuzijwayeza, imibono kaFreud yanikeza isisekelo esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokweluleka ezihlelekile. Abafundi bakaFreud, njengoCarl Jung no-Alfred Adler, nabo bathuthukise imibono yabo egxile ezicini ezahlukene zengqondo yomuntu.
## 3. Ukuziphatha (1920-1950s)
I-Behaviorism, eyasungulwa nguJohn B. Watson noB.F. Skinner, yanikeza indlela ehlukile kune-psychoanalysis. I-Behaviorism yagcizelela ukubaluleka kokubuka ukuziphatha okulinganiselwe kahle nokungazinaki izinqubo zengqondo ezingabonakali. USkinner wethula imiqondo yokuqinisa kanye nokujezisa njengesisekelo sokufunda nokushintsha kokuziphatha.
Le ndlela yakha isisekelo sokwelashwa kokuziphatha, okusetshenziselwa ukwelapha izinkinga zengqondo ezifana nokukhathazeka, ukwesaba, kanye nezinkinga zokuziphatha. Lokhu kwelashwa kugxile ekushintsheni ukuziphatha okungahambi kahle ngokuvuselela nokufunda amakhono amasha.
## 4. UbuNtu (1950-1970)
Ngawo-1950, kwavela inhlangano yobuntu kwezengqondo eyayilahla imibono yokuzinqumela yokuhlaziywa kwengqondo kanye nokuziphatha. Abantu ababalulekile kwezengqondo kwezengqondo kwakunguCarl Rogers no-Abraham Maslow. URogers wasungula inkolelo-mbono yokwelapha okugxile kumakhasimende, eyayigcizelela ukubaluleka kokulalela ngozwela, ukwamukelwa okungenamibandela, kanye nokuba yiqiniso ebudlelwaneni bokwelapha.
URogers wayekholelwa ukuthi wonke umuntu unamandla okukhula noshintsho oluhle, futhi indima yomeluleki ukudala indawo esekela ukuzihlola kanye nokuzazisa. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uMaslow wathuthukisa ithiyori yohlu lwezidingo, egcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo ngaphambi kokuba umuntu akwazi ukufeza ukuzenza azazi.
## 5. Ukuthuthukiswa Kokuqonda (1960-1980)
Ngawo-1960 nawo-1980, i-psychology yashintsha ukugxila kwayo kusuka ekuziphatheni kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okubonakalayo kuya ezinqubweni zokuqonda. U-Aaron Beck no-Albert Ellis babengabantu ababili ababalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokuqonda zokwelapha. U-Beck wasungula i-cognitive therapy, eyagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlonza nokushintsha amaphethini emicabango emibi nehlanekezelwe abangela ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo njengokucindezeleka nokukhathazeka.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Ellis wasungula i-Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), egcizelela ukubaluleka kokudala izinkolelo ezinengqondo nokushintsha izinkolelo ezingenangqondo eziholela ekuphenduleni ngokomzwelo ngokweqile. Indlela yokuqonda inezela isici esisha ekwelulekeni ngokugxila endleleni imicabango yomuntu ethonya ngayo imizwa nokuziphatha kwakhe.
## 6. Ithiyori Yokuhlanganisa (1980-manje)
Kusukela ngawo-1980, izindlela zokwelulekwa kanye nokwelashwa kwengqondo ziye zanda ukuhlanganisa, zihlanganisa izinto ezinhle kakhulu zemibono ehlukahlukene ukuze kudalwe indlela ephelele futhi eguquguqukayo. Le ndlela isebenzisa imiqondo ebalulekile kusukela ku-psychoanalysis, i-behaviorism, i-cognitive psychology, i-humanism, kanye neminye ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezihlukile zeklayenti ngalinye.
Ngaphezu kwendlela yokuhlanganisa, kuye kwavela izindlela ezintsha ezahlukahlukene zokweluleka, njengokweluleka komndeni, ukwelulekwa komshado, ukwelulekwa kwabantu abahlukumezekile, kanye nokwelulekwa okusekelwe emasikweni. Lokhu kubonisa ukwanda kwensimu yokweluleka, hhayi nje kuphela ngokwemfundiso kodwa nangokusetshenziswa kwayo okusebenzayo.
## 7. Izindlela Ezintsha Nezindlela Ezivelayo
Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe nesayensi nayo ibe negalelo ekuveleni kwezindlela ezintsha zokweluleka. Isibonelo, ukwelulekwa online, noma ukwelulekwa ngocingo, sekuthandwa kakhulu ngenxa yokufinyeleleka kalula kanye nokuguquguquka kwayo. Le ndlela ivumela abeluleki namakhasimende ukuthi basebenzisane ngeplatifomu yedijithali, ewusizo kakhulu kulabo abahlala ezindaweni ezikude noma abanokuhamba okulinganiselwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-neuropsychology kanye nokwelashwa okusekelwe ebuchosheni kuya ngokuya kuthandwa emkhakheni wokwelulekwa. Le ndlela igxile endleleni umsebenzi wobuchopho othonya ngayo ukuziphatha kanye nemizwa, kanye nendlela ukulawulwa kwe-neurobiological okungashintshwa ngayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe impilo yengqondo.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukunaka ukwehlukahlukana kwamasiko kanye nokubandakanywa nakho kuye kwanda emisebenzini yokweluleka. Abeluleki kulindeleke ukuthi baqaphele futhi bazwelane nokwehluka kwamasiko amaklayenti abo, uhlanga, ubulili, ukuthambekela kobulili, kanye nesizinda sezenhlalo nezomnotho. Le ndlela ihlose ukudala indawo yokweluleka elinganayo, enozwela, futhi ephumelelayo.
## Isiphetho
Umlando wethiyori yokweluleka ubonisa ukuvela okuguquguqukayo kwalesi sifundo, kusukela ekugcizeleleni kwaso kokuqala ekulungiseni umsebenzi, ngokusebenzisa ukuthuthuka kwengqondo ekuhlaziyeni kwengqondo, ukuziphatha, ubuntu, kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo kwengqondo, kuya ekuhlanganisweni nasekukhetheni kwakamuva. Lezi zindlela ziyaqhubeka nokuguquka ngokuhambisana nokutholwa okusha kwesayensi, izinguquko zezenhlalo, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe.
Njengoba imibono nezindlela zokweluleka ziqhubeka nokukhula, abeluleki bahlonyiswa kakhulu ngamathuluzi nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokusiza amaklayenti abo. Ukuqhubekela phambili, lo mkhakha ubhekene nenselele yokuzivumelanisa njalo nokuthuthukisa izindlela ezifanele nezisebenzayo zokubhekana nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo eziyinkimbinkimbi emphakathini wanamuhla.
