Ukubaluleka Kwethiyori Yokufunda Ekwelulekeni
Ekwenzeni ukwelulekwa, abeluleki abagcini nje ngokuba izilaleli ezinozwela kodwa futhi njengabagqugquzeli boshintsho. Ukushintsha kokuziphatha, ukucabanga, kanye nezimpendulo zemizwa kubalulekile emigomweni eminingi yokwelulekwa. Yilapho-ke imfundiso yokufunda iba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Imfundiso yokufunda inikeza uhlaka lomqondo wokuthi abantu bathola kanjani ulwazi, bakhe imikhuba, balondoloze noma bashintshe ukuziphatha, futhi bahumushe okuhlangenwe nakho. Ngokuqonda imfundiso yokufunda, abeluleki bangaklama izindlela zokungenelela ezifaneleka kakhulu, ezilinganiswayo, futhi ezilungiselelwe izidingo zeklayenti.
Ukufunda ithiyori njengesisekelo sokuqonda izinkinga zamakhasimende
Izinkinga amakhasimende azilethayo zivame ukuhlotshaniswa namaphethini afundwayo: ukukhathazeka okukhulu okuvela kokuhlangenwe nakho okuthile, imikhuba yokugwema eqinisiwe, noma izinkolelo ezimbi eziqhubekayo ezivela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini. Ithiyori yokufunda isiza abeluleki baqonde ukuthi izimpendulo eziningi zamakhasimende azizona nje "izici" ezingokwemvelo kodwa kunalokho ziwumphumela wenqubo yokufunda ngokuqinisa, ukujezisa, ukulingisa, noma ukuhumusha kwengqondo.
Isibonelo, iklayenti elinokwesaba ukukhuluma esidlangalaleni kungenzeka ukuthi lihlekwe usulu ngesikhathi sesethulo. Uma ngemva kwaleso sigameko iklayenti liqala ukugwema izethulo futhi lizizwe "liphephile," khona-ke lowo muzwa wokuphepha usebenza njengokuqinisa okungekuhle: ukugwema kunciphisa ukukhathazeka, ngaleyo ndlela kuqiniswe ukuziphatha kokugwema. Ngaphandle komqondo wethiyori yokufunda, umeluleki angamane anikeze iseluleko esijwayelekile njengokuthi "qiniseka kakhudlwana," kodwa ngethiyori yokufunda, umeluleki angahlela uchungechunge lwemiphumela yezimbangela ezigcina inkinga.
Ukubaluleka kokuziphatha: isimo sendabuko nesisebenzayo
Indlela yokuziphatha—egcizelela ukuziphatha okubonakalayo kanye nezinqubo zokulungisa isimo—isawusizo kakhulu ekwelulekeni, ikakhulukazi ezinkingeni ezihlobene nemikhuba, ukukhathazeka, ukwesaba, noma ukuziphatha okuluthayo.
1. Ukulungiswa kwesimo sendabuko
I-classical conditioning ichaza ukuthi isikhuthazo esingathathi hlangothi singavusa kanjani impendulo yemizwa ngemva kokuhlanganiswa nesikhuthazo esithile. Ekwelulekeni, lokhu kuqonda kusiza ukuchaza imvelaphi yezimpendulo zemizwa ezibonakala “zingenangqondo”, njengokwesaba noma ukukhathazeka ngesimo.
Ukungenelela okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nesimo se-classical desensitivity kuyinto ehlelekile, noma ukuvezwa. Abeluleki basiza amaklayenti kancane kancane ukuthi abhekane nezisusa ezibangela ukucindezeleka ngenkathi ethuthukisa izimpendulo ezintsha nezivumelana nezimo (isb., ukuphumula). Ngale ndlela, izinhlangano ezindala kancane kancane ziba buthaka futhi zithathelwe indawo amaphethini okusabela anempilo.
2. Ukulungisa ukusebenza kwe-operator
Ukulungiswa kwabasebenzi kugcizelela ukuthi ukuziphatha kuthonywa yimiphumela: ukuqinisa kwandisa amathuba okuba ukuziphatha kuphinde kwenzeke, kuyilapho isijeziso sikunciphisa. Ekwelulekeni, lo mqondo ubalulekile ekwakheni ushintsho lokuziphatha olusebenzayo.
Isibonelo, ekwelulekeni kwengane noma kwentsha, abeluleki bangasebenzisana nabazali ukuze basebenzise ukuqinisa okuhle kokuziphatha okufiswayo (isb., imikhuba yokufunda, amakhono okuxhumana nabantu) futhi banciphise ukuqinisa okuqinisa ngokungaqondile ukuziphatha okuyinkinga (isb., ukunaka kakhulu ngesikhathi sokucasuka). Ekwelulekeni kwabantu abadala, ukuqinisa kungathatha isimo sokuzivuza, ukulandelela inqubekela phambili, noma izinhlelo zokusekela umphakathi ezenzelwe ukuqinisa ukuziphatha okuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Kodwa-ke, abeluleki kudingeka baqaphele ukuthi amasu asekelwe ekuqiniseni awabonakali sengathi ayakhohlisa. Izimiso zokuziphatha zokweluleka zidinga ukucaca, imvume yeklayenti, kanye nenhlonipho ngokuzimela kweklayenti.
Ukubaluleka kwethiyori yokufunda kwezenhlalo: ukuqaphela kanye nokwenza amamodeli
U-Albert Bandura, ngethiyori yakhe yokufunda kwezenhlalo, wagcizelela ukuthi abantu abafundi nje kuphela ngemiphumela eqondile kodwa nangokubuka abanye (ukufunda kokubuka). Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekwelulekeni, njengoba amakhasimende amaningi athuthukisa amasu okubhekana nesimo ngokusekelwe kumamodeli abawabonayo: abazali, ontanga, abalingani, abantu abadumile emphakathini, ngisho namasiko abanzi.
Enkambisweni yokwelulekwa, abeluleki bangasebenzisa ukumodela ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile. Abeluleki ngokwabo bangabonisa amakhono okuxhumana aqinile, ukuphatha ngokomzwelo, noma ukuxazulula izinkinga ngendlela ezolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abeluleki bangakhuthaza amaklayenti ukuthi afune izibonelo ezinhle endaweni yawo yezenhlalo noma basebenzise ukudlala indima ukuze bazijwayeze izimpendulo ezintsha.
Umqondo wokuzikhandla—ukukholelwa komuntu ekhonweni lakhe lokwenza isenzo esithile—nawo ubalulekile. Izinkinga eziningi zengqondo ziyaqhubeka hhayi ngoba amaklayenti engazi ukuthi enzeni, kodwa ngoba engenalo ukuzethemba lokwenza kanjalo. Abeluleki bangathuthukisa ukuzikhandla ngemigomo emincane, engokoqobo, impendulo ethile, kanye nokuhlolwa kwenqubekela phambili okulinganiselwe.
Ukubaluleka kwethiyori yokuqonda: ukufunda njengoshintsho ekucabangeni
Ithiyori yokuqonda igcizelela ukuthi ukufunda kwenzeka lapho abantu bakha ukuqonda okusha, beshintsha amaphethini okucabanga, futhi becubungula ulwazi ngendlela ehlukile. Ekwelulekeni, lo mbono uvelele ezindleleni ezifana ne-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), i-REBT, kanye nezinye izindlela zokweluleka ngokomqondo.
Amaklayenti amaningi abhekana nokucindezeleka hhayi nje ngenxa yezenzakalo, kodwa ngenxa yokuhumusha kwawo lezo zenzakalo. Isibonelo, ukwehluleka kwezemfundo kungahunyushwa ngokuthi "Ngiyisiwula futhi ngeke ngiphumelele," okuholela ekuphelelweni yithemba. Ngokungenelela kwengqondo, abeluleki basiza amaklayenti ukuhlonza ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, bahlole ubufakazi, futhi bathuthukise imicabango ehlukile enengqondo neguquguqukayo.
Ngokombono wethiyori yokufunda, lezi zinguquko zengqondo ziyindlela yokufunda: amaklayenti afunda izindlela ezintsha zokuhlola izimo, ukuqapha ingxoxo yangaphakathi, nokukhetha izimpendulo ezakhayo. Uma amaklayenti ehlala ezijwayeza lezi zindlela ezintsha zokucabanga, ukuziphatha kwawo kanye nemizwa yawo kuyashintsha ngokufanele.
Ukubaluleka kwe-constructivism kanye ne-humanism: incazelo, ulwazi, kanye nokuzindla
Ngaphezu kokuziphatha kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo kwengqondo, izindlela zokuhlanganisa kanye nezobuntu zibheka ukufunda njengenqubo yokwakha incazelo ngokuhlangenwe nakho. Ekwelulekeni, lokhu kubonakala ekwelulekeni okugxile kumuntu, izindlela zokulandisa, noma ekwelashweni okusekelwe encazelweni. Amaklayenti awamane nje "abunjwe" ekuziphatheni kwawo, kodwa futhi akhuthazwa ukuba aziqonde, azindle ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwawo, futhi acabange kabusha indaba yawo yokuphila.
Abeluleki basiza amaklayenti ukuthi aqaphele amaphethini amadala, athole izindinganiso zomuntu siqu, futhi achaze kabusha okuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu noma ukwehluleka ngombono onamandla kakhulu. Le nqubo futhi iyinqubo yokufunda—ukufunda ngabo, ubudlelwano babo, imingcele yabo, nokuthi bangaphila kanjani ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso zabo.
Ithiyori yokufunda njengesiqondiso sokukhetha amasu okungenelela
Ukuqonda ithiyori yokufunda kunikeza abeluleki "imephu" yokukhetha amasu. Uma inkinga eyinhloko iwukuziphatha kokugwema, ukuvezwa kanye nokuqinisa ukuziphatha okunesibindi kungaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Uma inkinga iyinkolelo ephazamisayo engenangqondo, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwengqondo kuyinto eza kuqala. Uma inkinga ihlobene namakhono okuxhumana nabantu, ukulingisa, ukudlala indima, kanye nempendulo ehlelekile kusebenza kahle kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithiyori yokufunda isiza abeluleki ukuthi basebenzise imigomo yokweluleka: ukuthi yiziphi izindlela zokuziphatha eziqondiwe, izinkomba zempumelelo, ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuzokwenziwa nini, nokuthi ungalulondoloza kanjani ushintsho. Ngaphandle kwalolu hlaka, ukweluleka kungaba yingxoxo eshisayo engenamthelela omkhulu olinganisekayo.
Imiphumela engokoqobo: abeluleki njengabaklami bokuhlangenwe nakho kokufunda
Ekugcineni, iseshini yokwelulekwa ingabonakala njengendawo yokufunda ephephile. Amaklayenti afunda ukuqaphela imizwa, ukuhlola ukuziphatha okusha, nokuthuthukisa izindlela zokucabanga ezinempilo. Indima yomeluleki ukuklama lolu lwazi lokufunda: ukuhlinzeka ngesakhiwo, ukwesekwa, impendulo, kanye namathuba anele okuzijwayeza.
Abeluleki kudingeka futhi bacabangele indlela yokufunda yeklayenti. Amanye amaklayenti afunda kangcono ngezingxoxo zokuzindla, amanye adinga ukuzijwayeza ukuziphatha, kanti amanye ayazuza ekubhaleni amanothi kanye nemisebenzi yasekhaya. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwenza inqubo yokweluleka isebenze kahle futhi igxile kumakhasimende.
Isiphetho
Ukubaluleka kwethiyori yokufunda ekwelulekeni kusekukwazini kwayo ukuchaza ukuthi izinkinga zengqondo zakhiwa futhi zigcinwa kanjani, kuyilapho futhi inikeza isiqondiso sendlela ushintsho olungafinyelelwa ngayo. I-Behaviorism igcizelela indima yokulungisa isimo kanye nemiphumela yokuziphatha; ithiyori yokufunda kwezenhlalo igcizelela ukuqaphela, ukwenza amamodeli, kanye nokusebenza kahle; ithiyori yokuqonda igcizelela ukushintsha kwezindlela zokucabanga; kuyilapho izindlela zokwakha kanye nezobuntu zigcizelela ukwakheka kwencazelo ngokusebenzisa ulwazi. Ngokuhlanganisa imibono yokufunda, abeluleki bangasebenza ngokuhlelekile, ngokuziphatha, nangokuphumelelayo ukusiza amaklayenti ukufeza ushintsho lwangempela noluqhubekayo.
