Ukusetshenziswa kwethiyori yokuziphatha ekwelulekeni
I-Behaviorism iyisikole esikhulu sokucabanga kwengqondo esigcizelela ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu kungafundwa, kulolongwe, futhi kushintshwe ngobudlelwano obuphakathi kwesikhuthazo kanye nempendulo. Ngokomongo weseluleko, i-behaviorism inikeza indlela ewusizo nelinganisekayo, igxile ekuziphatheni okubonakalayo nokuthi lokho kuziphatha kuthonywa kanjani yindawo ezungezile. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwelulekwa kwe-behaviorist akubheki izinkinga zamakhasimende ngokuyinhloko "njengokuqukethwe kwangaphakathi" okungabonakali, kodwa njengamaphethini okuziphatha angahlaziywa, aqeqeshwe, futhi aguqulwe.
Izisekelo Zethiyori Yokuziphatha
Ukuziphatha ngendlela exakile kwathuthuka ngabantu abanjengo-Ivan Pavlov, uJohn B. Watson, u-Edward Thorndike, no-B.F. Skinner. Ngamunye waba negalelo ekuqondeni indlela ukuziphatha okwakheka ngayo.
1. Ukulungiswa Kwezinto Ezivamile (Pavlov)
UPavlov wabonisa ukuthi izimpendulo ezithile zingafundwa ngokuzihlanganisa. Isibonelo, inja eyayiqala ukukhafula amathe kuphela lapho ibona ukudla kamuva yakhafula amathe nalapho ikhala insimbi ngoba insimbi yayihambisana nokudla njalo. Ekwelulekeni, lo mqondo usiza ukuchaza ukuvela kwezimpendulo ezithile zemizwa (isib., ukukhathazeka) "ezixhumene" nezimo ezithile ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini.
2. Umthetho Womphumela (I-Thorndike)
Ukuziphatha okulandelwa yimiphumela emihle kuvame ukuphindwa, kuyilapho ukuziphatha okulandelwa yimiphumela engathandeki kuvame ukushiywa. Lesi simiso sakha isisekelo esibalulekile samasu okuqinisa ekwelulekeni.
3. Ukulungisa Umzimba Wokusebenza (Isikhumba)
USkinner ugcizelele ukuthi ukuziphatha kwakheka yimiphumela: ukuqinisa kanye nesijeziso. Ukuqinisa kwandisa amathuba okuthi ukuziphatha kuphinde kwenzeke, kanti isijeziso kunciphisa amathuba okuthi kwenzeke futhi. Ukwelulekwa kokuziphatha kuvame ukusebenzisa lesi simiso ukwakha imikhuba emisha nevumelana nezimo.
Izinkolelo Eziyinhloko Zokwelulekwa Kokuziphatha
Ukusetshenziswa kokuziphatha okuhle ekwelulekeni kuncike ezicatshangweni eziningana ezibalulekile:
– Ukuziphatha kuyafundwa, ngakho-ke kungafundwa kabusha. Izinkinga ezinjengokukhathazeka komphakathi, ukuhlehlisa izinto, noma ukubhema zibhekwa njengomphumela wokufunda okunephutha noma okungazivumelanisi kahle nesimo.
– Gxila esikhathini samanje. Abeluleki bagcizelela izinguquko zokuziphatha zamanje kunokuhlola ngokujulile esikhathini esidlule, yize umlando wokufunda weklayenti usacatshangelwa.
– Imigomo yokwelulekwa iqinile futhi iyalinganiswa. Ushintsho luhlolwa ngezinkomba zokuziphatha ezicacile, njengokuvama, ubude, noma ukuqina kokuziphatha okuthile.
– Abeluleki abakhuthele nabaqondisayo. Abeluleki bavame ukusebenza njengabaqeqeshi, beklama izivivinyo ngokuhlelekile, izabelo zomsebenzi wesikole, kanye nokuhlola inqubekela phambili.
Izigaba Zokusebenzisa Ukuziphatha Kokwelulekwa
Ukusetshenziswa kwethiyori yokuziphatha ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngezinyathelo ezilandelayo:
1. Ukuhlolwa Kokuziphatha
Abeluleki bahlonza ukuziphatha okuyinkinga, izimo ezibangela izinkinga, kanye nemiphumela egcina lokho kuziphatha. Enye indlela evame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwe-ABC:
– A (Okungaphambi Kwesikhathi): yini ebangela ukuziphatha ngaphambi kokuba kuvele?
– B (Ukuziphatha): ukuziphatha okubonakalayo
– C (Umphumela): imiphumela eyenzeka ngemva kokuziphatha, okuhlanganisa nezimpendulo zemvelo
2. Ukubeka Imigomo
Imigomo kufanele ibe eqondile, engokoqobo, futhi elinganisekayo. Isibonelo, "ukunciphisa ukuvama kokungafundi esikoleni kusuka kathathu ngesonto kuya ka-0-1 ngesonto phakathi nenyanga eyodwa."
3. Ukuhlela Ukungenelela
Umeluleki ukhetha indlela efanele, ecabangela izici zomthengi, indawo ahlala kuyo, kanye nezinsiza ezitholakalayo.
4. Ukuqaliswa Nokuqapha
Iklayenti lenza izivivinyo noma amasu okuvunyelwene ngawo, bese umeluleki eqapha inqubekela phambili ngokusebenzisa izingodo zokuziphatha, izikali zokulinganisa, noma okubonwayo.
5. Ukuhlola Nokunakekela
Uma kwenzeka izinguquko, abeluleki basiza amaklayenti ukuba alondoloze ukuziphatha okusha futhi avimbele ukubuyela emuva.
Amasu Okuziphatha Kokwelulekwa
Okulandelayo amanye amasu avame ukusetshenziswa ekwelulekeni kokuziphatha:
1. Ukuqinisa Okuhle
Ukuqinisa okuhle kuhilela ukunikeza imiphumela emihle ngemva kokuziphatha okufiselekayo. Isibonelo, abazali banikeza indumiso noma isikhathi esengeziwe sokudlala lapho ingane iqeda umsebenzi wesikole ngesikhathi. Ekwelulekeni, ukuqinisa okuhle kungathatha isimo sokuzivuza noma ukwesekwa komphakathi okuvela kwabathandekayo.
2. Ukuqinisa Okubi
Ukuqinisa okungekuhle kuhlukile esijezisweni. Ukuqinisa okungekuhle kuhilela ukususa into engathandeki ngemva kokuziphatha okufiswayo, okuholela ekwandeni kwalokho kuziphatha. Isibonelo, iklayenti eliqeda umsebenzi njalo linciphisa ukukhathazeka ngenxa yomsebenzi okhulayo.
3. Isijeziso
Isijeziso sihlose ukunciphisa ukuziphatha okungathandeki. Kodwa-ke, abeluleki ngokuvamile bayaqaphela ukusebenzisa isijeziso ngoba singabangela imiphumela emibi njengokwesaba, ulaka, noma ukwehla kwesisusa. Ekwelulekeni kwanamuhla, amasu okujezisa avame ukushintshwa ngokuqiniswa kokuziphatha okuguquguqukayo.
4. Ukubumba (Ukwakheka Kancane Kancane)
Ukubumba ukwakheka kokuziphatha ngokuqinisa izinyathelo ezincane eziya ekuziphatheni okuqondiwe. Isibonelo, iklayenti elinokukhathazeka komphakathi alicelwa ngokushesha ukuthi likhulume esidlangalaleni, kodwa kunalokho liqala ngokubingelela umuntu oyedwa, bese lixoxa eqenjini elincane, bese ekugcineni lithula.
5. Ukumodela (Ukufunda Ngesibonelo)
Ukumodela kuhilela ukukhombisa ukuziphatha okufiselekayo, bese kuba neklayenti elilingisa futhi likwenze. Le ndlela iyasebenza ekuqeqeshweni kwamakhono okuxhumana nabantu, njengokuthi ungaveza kanjani imibono ngokuqiniseka noma ungawenqaba kanjani izicelo ezingafanele.
6. Ukunciphisa Ukwehliswa Kwemizwa Okuhlelekile
Le ndlela isetshenziselwa ukwelapha ukwesaba noma ukukhathazeka. Iziguli ziqeqeshwa ukuphumula bese kancane kancane zivezwa ezintweni ezibangela ukwesaba, kusukela kokuncane kuya kokukhulu. Umgomo ukuthuthukisa impendulo entsha, ezolile lapho zibhekene nalezi zimo.
7. Ukwelashwa Kokuchayeka
Kufana nokungazweli, kodwa kugxile ekuvezweni ngqo ngaphandle kokugwema isikhuthazo. Ukuvezwa kuhlelwe futhi kuphindaphindwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhathazeka ngokwemvelo. Isibonelo, isiguli esinokwesaba ukuphakama kancane kancane sizijwayeza ukuba sezindaweni eziphakeme ngosizo oluphephile.
8. Umnotho Wezithokheni
Le ndlela isetshenziswa kabanzi ezikoleni noma ezindaweni zokuvuselela. Amaklayenti athola "amathokheni" (amaphuzu/izitikha) ngokuziphatha okuhle, bese eshintshaniswa ngemivuzo ethile. Umnotho wethokheni uyasebenza ekukhuthazeni isiyalo nokwandisa isisusa, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni.
Izibonelo Zokusetshenziswa Ezimweni Zokwelulekwa
Ekwelulekeni esikoleni, ukuziphatha ngendlela ehlelekile kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukubhekana nezinkinga zokuziphatha, imikhuba yokufunda, noma ukuziphatha okunolaka. Isibonelo, umfundi ovame ukufika sekwephuzile angasizwa ngenkontileka yokuziphatha: umfundi uthola imiphumela emihle ngokufika ngesikhathi isonto lonke, futhi ukuhlolwa kwenziwa njalo.
Ekwelulekweni ngokwezokwelapha, indlela yokuziphatha iyasebenza ekubhekaneni nokukhathazeka, ukwesaba, kanye nemikhuba yokulutha. Isibonelo, esimweni sokubhema, abeluleki basiza amaklayenti ukuthi abone izinto ezibangela ukucindezeleka (isb., ukucindezeleka noma indawo yokubhema), bese beshintsha lezi zimpendulo ngezindlela zokuziphatha ezihlukile njengezindlela zokuphumula, umsebenzi womzimba olula, noma ukugwema izimo ezithile kusenesikhathi.
Izinzuzo kanye nokulinganiselwa
Izinzuzo zokwelulekwa ngokuziphatha ukuthi zihlelekile, zigxile ezixazululweni, futhi zihlolwa kalula. Le ndlela ifanele amakhasimende adinga amasu asebenzayo futhi afuna ukubona ushintsho lwangempela ngesikhathi esifushane.
Kodwa-ke, ukuziphatha ngendlela ehlelekile kunemingcele, ikakhulukazi lapho izinkinga zeklayenti zihilela izingxabano zangaphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlukumezeka okujulile, noma isidingo senjongo empilweni. Ngenxa yokuthi igxile ekuziphatheni okusobala, izici ezingokomzwelo nezokuqonda zinganakwa uma zingahlanganiswa nezinye izindlela. Ngakho-ke, abeluleki abaningi bahlanganisa amasu okuziphatha ngendlela ehlelekile nezindlela zokuqonda (CBT) noma zobuntu ukuze kube nendlela ephelele.
I-Penutup
Ukusetshenziswa kwethiyori yokuziphatha ekwelulekeni kunikeza uhlaka olucacile lokuqonda nokushintsha ukuziphatha. Ngokugcizelela ukuhlolwa okuhlelekile, imigomo elinganisekayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamasu anjengokuqinisa, ukwenza amamodeli, kanye nokuqeda ukuzwela, ukwelulekwa kokuziphatha kusiza amaklayenti ukuthi athuthukise imikhuba emisha, evumelana nezimo. Naphezu kwemikhawulo yayo, le ndlela ihlala ifaneleka futhi isebenza kahle, ikakhulukazi lapho abeluleki bekwazi ukuvumelanisa amasu okuziphatha nezidingo ezihlukile zeklayenti kanye nesimo abaphila kuso.
