Ukuqonda Ithiyori Yokunamathela Ekwelulekeni
I-Pendahuluan
Ithiyori yokunamathela, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi ithiyori yokunamathela, iyithiyori yengqondo efunda ubudlelwano obungokomzwelo obukhula phakathi kwabantu, ikakhulukazi izibopho ezakhiwa ngesikhathi sobuntwana nabazali noma abanakekeli. UJohn Bowlby, isazi sezifo zengqondo saseBrithani, wayengumuntu oyinhloko ngemuva kokuthuthukiswa kwale thiyori. UBowlby waphawula ukuthi isibopho esiqinile ngokomzwelo nomnakekeli oyinhloko sinomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni komuntu ngokomzwelo nangokwenhlalo. Lesi sihloko sizochaza ithiyori yokunamathela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo ekwelulekeni kwanamuhla.
Izisekelo Zethiyori Yokunamathisela
Empeleni, inkolelo-mbono yokunamathela igxile ekutheni ubudlelwano babantu bokuqala buthinta kanjani intuthuko yengqondo nengokomzwelo. UJohn Bowlby uchaze ukuthi izingane zinomuzwa wangaphakathi wokwakha izibopho ngokomzwelo nabanakekeli bazo, okuhlose ukukhuthaza ukusinda. Ngokusekelwe ekuphawuleni kwakhe, uBowlby uhlonze izinhlobo eziningana zokunamathela ezingakheka: ukunamathela okuqinile, ukunamathela okugwemayo, ukunamathela okungaqondakali, kanye nokunamathela okungahlelekile.
1. Isinamathiseli Esivikelekile:
Izingane ezinamathelene kahle zizizwa ziphephile futhi zivikelekile lapho umnakekeli wazo ekhona, futhi zibonisa ukucindezeleka lapho zishiywa kodwa zisheshe zizole lapho umnakekeli ebuya. Lokhu kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi ingane ithuthukisa ukwethembana okuyisisekelo kokuthi umnakekeli uzobuya futhi ahlangabezane nezidingo zayo.
2. Ukunamathela Okungagwenywa:
Izingane eziba nobuhlobo bokuzigwema azibonisi mizwa eminingi lapho umnakekeli ehamba noma ebuya. Zivame ukugwema umnakekeli, okubonisa ukuthi azilindele ukuthi umnakekeli anikeze induduzo njalo.
3. Okunamathiselwe Okungaguquguquki:
Izingane ezithandana ngendlela engafani ziyacasuka kakhulu lapho zihlukaniswa nabanakekeli bazo kodwa futhi ziyamelana nenduduzo nemfudumalo lapho umnakekeli ebuya. Lokhu kubonisa ukungaqiniseki kwengane ngokuthi umnakekeli uzohlangabezana nezidingo zakhe njalo yini.
4. Ukunamathela okungahlelekile:
Izingane ezinamathele ngokungahlelekile zibonisa ukuziphatha okungaguquki noma okudidayo ebudlelwaneni bazo nabanakekeli. Lokhu kungase kubonise abanakekeli abangalindelekile noma ukuziphatha kokwesaba.
Indima Yethiyori Yokunamathela Ekwelulekeni
Ekwelulekeni, ithiyori yokunamathela isiza abeluleki ukuthi baqonde kangcono imvelaphi yezinkinga ezingokomzwelo nezihlobene namakhasimende. Isibonelo, umuntu obonisa indlela yokugwema ukunamathela cishe unomlando wokuzizwa engathembekile ngabanakekeli bakhe noma labo abaseduze naye. Nazi ezinye izici zendlela le thiyori esetshenziswa ngayo ekwelulekeni:
1. Ukuqaphela Amaphethini Obudlelwano:
Abeluleki bangabona amaphethini obudlelwano bamakhasimende ngokubona izindlela zabo zokunamathelana kusukela ebuntwaneni. Lokhu kusiza abeluleki baqonde ukuthi amakhasimende akha futhi alondoloze kanjani ubudlelwano lapho esekhulile.
2. Khulisa Ukuvikeleka Kwemizwa:
Kwezinye izimo, umgomo oyinhloko wokwelulekwa ukusiza amaklayenti akhe ukunamathelana okuphephile, ngisho nasekukhuleni. Lokhu kuhilela ukwakha ubuhlobo bokwelapha obuphephile, obuthembanayo, nobuhlala njalo.
3. Ukungenelela Okusekelwe Ezinamathiselweni:
Izindlela ezithile zokwelapha ngengqondo, njengokwelashwa komndeni okusekelwe ekunamatheleni (ABFT) noma i-Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (DDP), zisekelwe ngokusobala kumbono wokunamathela. Lezi zindlela zifuna ukulungisa amaphethini okunamathela angalungiseki kahle nokwakha ubudlelwano obunempilo.
Izibonelo Zamacala Nokusetshenziswa Kwazo Ekwelapheni
Ake sicabangele isibonelo seklayenti eligama linguMaria, oneminyaka engu-30 ubudala ofuna ukwelulekwa ngokukhathazeka nokungazethembi ebudlelwaneni bakhe bomuntu siqu. Ukuthola kunzima ukuthemba umlingani wakhe futhi uvame ukuhoxa lapho ezwa ukuthi imizwa yakhe ayihlangatshezwani ngendlela efanele.
Ngemva kwemihlangano embalwa yokuqala, umeluleki waqaphela ukuthi uMaria wayenendlela yokugwema ukunamathela. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, uMaria wakhula enomama omatasa futhi ovame ukungabikho. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwakha umbono kaMaria wokuthi ukusondela kwabanye nokubeka okulindelwe kubo kwakuyingozi.
Ekwelapheni, umeluleki wasebenzisa indlela yokwelapha esekelwe ekuzihlanganiseni ukusiza uMaria ukuthi acabange ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ebuntwaneni futhi ashintshe umbono wakhe ngokuthembana nokusondelana. Umeluleki wanikeza uMaria indawo ephephile yokuveza imizwa yakhe ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulahlwa noma ukunganakwa. Kancane kancane, uMaria waqala ukuzizwa ekhululekile ebuhlotsheni bakhe obuseduze futhi wafunda ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu ozimisele ukumdumaza noma ukumlahla.
Ukubaluleka Kwezihluthulelo Zokuphepha Ekwelapheni
Ukunamathelana okuphephile phakathi komeluleki neklayenti kuyisihluthulelo sokwelashwa okuphumelelayo okusekelwe kumbono wokunamathelana. Abeluleki abahlinzeka ngendawo ephephile, ephendulayo, nethembekile bakha izimo ezifanele zokukhula ngokomzwelo kwamakhasimende. Lokhu kuvumela amakhasimende ukuthi ahlole imizwa yawo ngokujulile futhi anqobe amaphethini amabi okunamathelana abawakhile.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori yokunamathela idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni imizwa kanye nobudlelwano obuyisisekelo sezinkinga ezahlukene zengqondo. Ngokuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zokunamathelana nokuthi zakha kanjani, abeluleki banganikeza ukungenelela okuqondile nokuphumelelayo. Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwalethiyori ekwelulekeni, njengendaba kaMaria, zibonisa ukuthi indlela esekelwe ekunamatheleni ingasiza kanjani abantu ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwano obunempilo nobuphephile.
Sekukonke, ithiyori yokunamathela inikeza uhlaka olunamandla lokuqonda ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kwasekuqaleni nabanakekeli bethu kububumba kanjani ubudlelwano bethu besikhathi esizayo. Ngakho-ke, le thiyori ayibalulekile nje kuphela ekukhuleni kwengane kodwa futhi nasekululameni ngokomzwelo nasekukhuleni kuyo yonke impilo yomuntu.
