Isihloko: Ukwakheka Kwamaseli
Ku-biology, amangqamuzana ayizinithi eziyisisekelo zokuphila. Njengoba ziyizinithi ezincane kakhulu ezikwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yokuphila, amangqamuzana akha zonke izinto eziphilayo, kusukela ezintweni eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana afana namabhaktheriya kuya ezintweni eziphilayo ezinamaseli amaningi njengezitshalo, izilwane, nabantu. Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zisebenza kanjani, zithuthuka kanjani, futhi zixhumana kanjani nendawo ezikuyo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izingxenye eziyinhloko ezakha amangqamuzana nokuthi ingxenye ngayinye inikela kanjani emsebenzini wonke weseli.
1. Ulwelwesi Lweseli
I-membrane yeseli, noma i-plasma membrane, iyisakhiwo sangaphandle esihlanganisa okuqukethwe yiseli. Yakhiwe ungqimba oluphindwe kabili lwama-lipid namaprotheni, i-membrane yeseli isebenza njengesivikelo esikhethayo esilawula ukungena nokuphuma kwezinto. Ama-molecule e-lipid, ikakhulukazi ama-phospholipid, akha izendlalelo ezimbili ngemisila yawo e-hydrophobic ibhekene kanye namakhanda awo e-hydrophilic abheke ngaphandle nangaphakathi kweseli. Amaphrotheni afakwe ku-membrane asebenza ngezinjongo ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuthuthwa kwama-molecule, ukuqashelwa kwesignali, kanye nokugcinwa kwesakhiwo seseli.
2. I-Cytoplasm
Ngaphakathi kwe-membrane yeseli kukhona i-cytoplasm, into efana nejeli lapho wonke ama-organelle eseli afakwa khona. I-cytoplasm yakhiwe yi-cytosol, uketshezi oluqukethe amanzi, usawoti, nama-molecule e-organic. Iphinde isebenze njengendawo yokusabela kwamakhemikhali futhi inikeza uhlaka lwesakhiwo olusekelayo lweseli.
3. I-Nucleus
I-nucleus iyisikhungo sokulawula seseli, equkethe izinto zofuzo ngesimo se-DNA. Izungezwe ulwelwesi oluphindwe kabili olwaziwa ngokuthi i-nuclear envelope, i-nucleus ilawula ukukhula kweseli, i-metabolism, kanye nokuhlukana ngokushintsha ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus kukhona i-nucleolus, lapho kwenzeka khona ukuhlangana kwe-ribosome.
4. Ama-Ribosome
Ama-Ribosome ayizinhlanganisela zamaprotheni kanye ne-RNA ezibangela ukwakheka kwamaprotheni. Angatholakala entanta ngokukhululeka ku-cytoplasm noma enamathele ku-rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ama-Ribosome ahumusha imiyalelo yezakhi zofuzo evela ku-RNA ibe yizintambo ze-polypeptide, ezibe sezigoqwa zibe amaprotheni asebenzayo.
5. I-Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
I-endoplasmic reticulum iyinethiwekhi yama-membrane abushelelezi nangama-rough atholakala kuyo yonke i-cytoplasm. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-ER: i-rough ER, enama-ribosome ebusweni bayo futhi idlala indima ekwakhiweni kwamaprotheni, kanye ne-smooth ER, esebenza ekwakhiweni kwamafutha nasekususeni ubuthi emzimbeni.
6. Idivayisi yeGolgi
I-apparatus ye-Golgi iyi-organelle equkethe izinqwaba zama-membranous sacs. Imisebenzi yayo ihlanganisa ukuguqulwa, ukupakisha, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamaprotheni nama-lipid akhiqizwa yi-endoplasmic reticulum. I-apparatus ye-Golgi iphinde ikhiqize ama-vesicles angathutha ama-molecule aye ezindaweni zawo zokugcina ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kweseli.
7. I-Mitochondria
Eyaziwa ngokuthi “izindawo zamandla zeseli,” i-mitochondria yi-organelles ekhiqiza i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), umthombo wamandla oyinhloko wamaseli. Isebenzisa umoya-mpilo kanye ne-glucose ngokuphefumula kwamaseli, i-mitochondria ikhiqiza amandla adingekayo emisebenzini eyahlukahlukene yamaseli.
8. Ama-Lysosome
Ama-lysosome angama-vesicle aqukethe ama-enzyme okugaya ukudla. Anesibopho sokonakalisa izinto ezilahliwe zamaseli, ama-lysosome asiza ekuvuseleleni izingxenye zamaseli ezonakele noma ezingasadingeki futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni i-homeostasis yamaseli.
9. I-Cytoskeleton
I-cytoskeleton yakhiwe yi-microfilaments, i-filaments ephakathi, kanye ne-microtubules, enikeza ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo futhi igcine ukuma kweseli. Iphinde isebenze ekuthuthweni kwama-vesicles nama-organelles futhi ivumela ukunyakaza kweseli.
10. Ama-Peroxisome
Ama-Peroxisomes angama-organelle aqukethe ama-enzyme aphula ama-fatty acid futhi asuse ubuthi, ikakhulukazi ama-peroxide ayingozi, ngokukhiqiza amanzi nomoya-mpilo. Lo msebenzi ubalulekile ekuvikeleni amaseli ekulimaleni kwe-oxidative.
11. I-Vacuole
Ezitshalweni, ama-vacuole amakhulu enza imisebenzi efana nokugcina izakhamzimba kanye nemfucuza, ukulawula ingcindezi ye-turgor ukuze kugcinwe isakhiwo samaseli, kanye nokusiza ekuvimbeleni umonakalo ovela ezintweni eziyingozi. Ama-vacuole atholakala futhi ngezindlela ezincane kumaseli ezilwane, edlala indima ekugcineni nasekuthuthweni.
12. Ama-chloroplast
Ama-chloroplast atholakala kuphela kumaseli ezitshalo kanye nakwamanye ama-photosynthetic protists. Aqukethe i-chlorophyll eluhlaza okotshani, ama-chloroplast anesibopho se-photosynthesis, inqubo eguqula amandla okukhanya avela elangeni abe amandla amakhemikhali ngesimo se-glucose, kuyilapho ekhiqiza umoya-mpilo njengomkhiqizo olandelayo.
Ngamafuphi, ingxenye ngayinye yeseli inomsebenzi oyingqayizivele kodwa ohambisanayo wokugcina iseli liphila, lizala, futhi lenze imisebenzi yalo yezinto eziphilayo. Kusukela kulwelwesi lweseli oluvikelayo nolulawulayo kuya ku-mitochondria ekhiqiza amandla, le nhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi nehlelekile yezingxenye yenza ukuphila njengoba sikwazi kungenzeka. Ukuqonda okujulile ngokwakheka kweseli akugcini nje ngokubaluleka kwebhayoloji kodwa futhi kuvula indlela yokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezokwelapha, i-biotechnology, kanye neminye imikhakha ethinta impilo yabantu kanye nentuthuko.
