Izinzuzo Nezingozi Zegesi Ye-Ammonia
Igesi i-ammonia iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali enefomula i-NH₃, enephunga elimnandi neliqondakala kalula. Empilweni yansuku zonke, i-ammonia isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eyahlukene yezimboni, yezolimo, neyekhaya. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo ezibalulekile, igesi i-ammonia nayo inezingozi ezinkulu empilweni yabantu kanye nasemvelweni uma ingaphathwanga kahle. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinzuzo zegesi i-ammonia kanye nezingozi zayo ezingaba khona, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha eziyisisekelo.
Iyini i-Ammonia Gas?
I-Ammonia iyigesi engenambala, ene-alkaline encibilika kakhulu emanzini. Uma incibilika, i-ammonia yakha isixazululo esibhubhisayo se-ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH). Ngokwemvelo, i-ammonia yakhiwa ngokubola kwezinto eziphilayo (njengokudla okulahliwe, indle yezilwane, kanye nezidumbu) yizinto ezincane. Ngakho-ke, igesi ye-ammonia ivame ukutholakala ezibayeni zezilwane, ezindaweni zokulahla udoti, noma ezinhlelweni zokulahla indle.
Kwezimboni, i-ammonia ikhiqizwa ngezinga elikhulu kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-Haber-Bosch, ukusabela phakathi kwe-nitrogen (N₂) ne-hydrogen (H₂) ekushiseni okuphezulu kanye nengcindezi kusetshenziswa i-catalyst. Lokhu kukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwenza i-ammonia ibe ngenye yamakhemikhali ezimboni abaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni.
Izinzuzo ze-Ammonia Gas
1. Izinto Zokusetshenziswa Zomanyolo Wezolimo
Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-ammonia njengesithako esiyinhloko kumanyolo we-nitrogen. I-nitrogen ibalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, ikakhulukazi ekwakhekeni kwamaqabunga ne-chlorophyll. I-Ammonia isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene zamanyolo, njenge:
– I-Urea
- I-Ammonium nitrate
– I-Ammonium sulfate
– I-ammonium phosphate
Ngaphandle komanyolo osekelwe ku-ammonia, umkhiqizo wezolimo wesimanje ubuzoncipha kakhulu. Amazwe amaningi athembele kumanyolo we-nitrogen ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zokudla zabantu bawo.
2. Iziqandisi embonini
I-Amoniya isetshenziswa njengesiqandisi esinekhodi R-717 ezinhlelweni zokupholisa zezimboni, isibonelo ku:
– ifektri yokudla eqandisiwe,
– indawo yokugcina izinto ezibandayo,
- imboni yokucubungula inyama nenhlanzi,
– ifektri yeqhwa.
I-Amonia yakhethwa ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu okumunca ukushisa kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-thermodynamic. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye iziqandisi zokwenziwa, i-ammonia nayo ibhekwa njengenobungani nemvelo ngokwezinga lokufudumala komhlaba (GWP) ngenxa yenani layo eliphansi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kudinga amazinga aphezulu okuphepha ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinobuthi nezingcolisayo.
3. Ukuhlanza Nokuhlanza Izinto
Kwezinye izimo, i-ammonia isetshenziswa njengesihlanzi, isibonelo ukususa amafutha, amabala aqinile, noma ukungcola okuvela engilazini nasezindaweni zaphansi. Eminye imikhiqizo yasekhaya iqukethe i-ammonia ngenxa yekhono layo lokuncibilikisa uwoyela nokungcola.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi uma usebenzisa izihlanzi ezisekelwe ku-ammonia, landela imiyalelo yelebula. Ukuxuba i-ammonia nezinye izithako (njenge-chlorine bleach) kungadala amagesi ayingozi.
4. Imboni Yamakhemikhali Neyemithi
I-Amonia isebenza njengezinto ezingavuthiwe noma i-reagent ezinqubweni ezahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali, isibonelo ekwenziweni kwalokhu:
– amapulasitiki athile kanye nemicu yokwenziwa,
– iziqhumane zezimboni (ngokusebenzisa izinto ezifana ne-ammonium nitrate),
– udayi,
- amakhemikhali okwelapha amanzi,
– izigaba eziningana zokwenziwa embonini yezemithi.
Ukuba khona kwe-ammonia kwenza kube lula ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla eziningi ezibalulekile esizisebenzisa nsuku zonke, yize ngokuvamile kungabonakali ngqo kubathengi.
5. Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Nokungcola
I-Amonia kanye nezinto eziphuma kuyo zidlala indima ezinqubweni eziningana zokwelashwa kwamanzi. Kodwa-ke, i-ammonia ingaba yinto engcolisayo. Ngakho-ke, ezitshalweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka (WWTPs), amazinga e-ammonia avame ukubhekwa futhi ancishiswe ngezinqubo zebhayoloji (i-nitrification-denitrification) ukuvimbela ukungcola kwemvelo.
Izingozi zegesi i-Amoniya
Nakuba kuwusizo, igesi ye-ammonia iyacasula kakhulu futhi ingaba yingozi emazingeni athile. Izingozi zokudalulwa zingavela embonini, emfuyweni, emalabhorethri, noma emakhaya (imikhiqizo yokuhlanza).
1. Ingozi Esistimu Yokuphefumula
Igesi ye-ammonia ingacasula ikhala, umphimbo, kanye namaphaphu. Ukuvezwa okuncane kungabangela:
- ukukhwehlela,
- umuzwa oshisayo ekhaleni nasemphinjeni,
- kunzima ukuphefumula,
– amehlo anamanzi.
Ukuchayeka kakhulu noma isikhathi eside kungabangela:
- i-bronchospasm (ukuncipha kwemigudu yomoya),
– ukuvuvukala kwamaphaphu (ukunqwabelana koketshezi emaphashini),
– umonakalo omkhulu wezicubu zamaphaphu.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-ammonia iyancibilika emanzini, isabela kalula nomswakama osendaweni yokuphefumula kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, okubangela ukucasuka okusheshayo.
2. Ukucasuka Kwamehlo Nesikhumba
I-Amoniya nayo iyingozi uma ihlangana namehlo nesikhumba, ikakhulukazi ezixazululweni ezigxilile noma ezifomeni zegesi ezinamazinga aphezulu. Imiphumela engaba khona ihlanganisa:
– amehlo abuhlungu nabomvu,
– ingozi yokusha kwamakhemikhali ku-cornea,
– isikhumba esilumayo, esibomvu, nesinamaqhubu.
Uma ingena emehlweni, lesi simo singaba yisimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha ngoba singabangela izinkinga zokubona ezingapheli uma singelashwa ngokushesha.
3. Ingozi Yokutholakala Ushevu Nokuchayeka Kakhulu
Ukuchayeka ekugxilweni okuphezulu kwe-ammonia kungabangela isiyezi, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ngisho nokulahlekelwa ukwazi. Uma kwenzeka ukuvuza okukhulu esakhiweni sezimboni, igesi ye-ammonia ingasakazeka ngokushesha futhi ibe yingozi kubasebenzi kanye nomphakathi ozungezile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezivalekile noma ezingenawo umoya ohlanzekile.
Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukuchayeka ngokushesha kungaba yingozi.
4. Ukusabela Okuyingozi Ngamanye Amakhemikhali
Ingozi evamile yasekhaya ukuxuba izihlanzi ezisekelwe ku-ammonia ne-bleach equkethe i-chlorine. Le ngxube ingakhiqiza amagesi anobuthi (njenge-chloramines) acasula futhi alimaze umgudu wokuphefumula.
Ngakho-ke, izimiso ezibalulekile ekusebenziseni izinto zokuhlanza yilezi:
– ungaxubi imikhiqizo ngokunganaki,
- funda ilebula,
– sebenzisa umoya omuhle.
5. Umthelela Wezemvelo
I-Amoniya ingaba ukungcola uma ikhishwa emoyeni nasemanzini. Emvelweni:
– I-Amoniya ingakhipha iphunga eliphazamisayo, ikakhulukazi eduze kwemfuyo noma izindawo zokulahla imfucuza.
– Emanzini, amazinga aphezulu e-ammonia anobuthi ezinhlanzini nasezintweni eziphilayo zasemanzini.
– I-Amoniya ingasiza futhi ekwakhekeni kwezinhlayiya ezincane (PM2.5) emkhathini ngokusebenzisa ukusabela nezinye izinto ezibangela ukungcola, okuthinta ikhwalithi yomoya.
Ukuphepha Okuyisisekelo Nokuvimbela
Ukuze uthole izinzuzo ze-ammonia ngaphandle kokulimaza, izinyathelo zokuphepha ezilandelayo zibalulekile ukuzisebenzisa:
1. Umoya omuhle wokungenisa umoya
Sebenzisa i-ammonia endaweni evulekile noma endaweni enomoya omuhle. Gwema ukuphefumula umusi.
2. Sebenzisa imishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu (i-PPE)
Endaweni yokusebenza: imaski/i-respirator efanele, izibuko zokuvikela amehlo, amagilavu amelana namakhemikhali, kanye nezingubo zokuzivikela.
3. Ungaxubi izinto zokuhlanza
Ikakhulukazi ungaxubi i-ammonia ne-chlorine bleach noma ama-asidi aqinile.
4. Gcina kahle
Gcina imikhiqizo ye-ammonia ezitsheni ezivalwe kahle, kude nezingane, futhi ugweme ukushisa ngokweqile.
5. Impendulo ephuthumayo ekuvuthweni
Uma kwenzeka ukuvuza okukhulu kwe-ammonia, phuma endaweni, gwema izinkomba zomoya ezithwala igesi, bese uxhumana neziphathimandla noma ithimba le-K3.
Isiphetho
Igesi i-ammonia iyinhlanganisela ebalulekile empilweni yanamuhla. Isiza ukwandisa isivuno sezolimo ngokusetshenziswa kwayo njengomanyolo we-nitrogen, ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa kwezimboni, futhi isekela izinqubo ezahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali nezokuhlanza. Kodwa-ke, i-ammonia ibeka nezingozi ezinkulu: iyacasula indlela yokuphefumula, yonakalise amehlo nesikhumba, inamandla okubangela ubuthi, futhi ingathinta imvelo uma ikhishwa ingalawulwa.
Isihluthulelo sokusebenzisa i-ammonia ngempumelelo ukusetshenziswa okufanele, ukunamathela ezinqubweni zokuphepha, kanye nokuqapha izindlela zokuhlushwa nokugcinwa kwazo. Ngale ndlela, izinzuzo zayo zingathuthukiswa ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni impilo nokuphepha kwabantu noma ukusimama kwemvelo.
