Ukusetshenziswa Kwamakhemikhali Angaphili Empilweni
Amakhemikhali angaphili ayiqembu lamakhemikhali angavamile ukwakheka ngohlaka lwekhabhoni njengamakhemikhali e-organic. Ahlanganisa usawoti, ama-acid, izisekelo, ama-oxide, amaminerali, kanye namakhemikhali ahlukahlukene ensimbi kanye ne-nonmetal. Nakuba evame ukuzwakala “alula” kunamakhemikhali e-organic, amakhemikhali angaphili adlala indima enkulu neyisisekelo: kusukela emanzini esiwaphuzayo kanye nomanyolo okhulisa izitshalo kuya ezintweni zokwakha kanye nobuchwepheshe bamandla besimanje. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali angaphili ezicini ezahlukene zokuphila kwansuku zonke, impilo, imboni, kanye nemvelo.
1. Amakhemikhali angaphili ezidingweni eziyisisekelo zabantu
Izidingo eziyisisekelo zabantu—amanzi nosawoti—yizibonelo zamakhemikhali angaphili aseduze kakhulu nokuphila. Amanzi (H₂O) asebenza njengesinyibilikisi esiyinhloko somzimba, indawo yokuthuthwa kwezakhamzimba, umlawuli wokushisa, kanye nomxhasi wokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ngaphandle kwamanzi, umsebenzi wamaseli ubungeke usebenze ngendlela evamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usawoti wetafula, i-sodium chloride (NaCl), uyadingeka ukuze kulondolozwe ibhalansi yoketshezi emzimbeni futhi kusekelwe ukusebenza kwezinzwa nemisipha. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwawo kufanele kulinganiselwe, i-NaCl iyi-electrolyte ebalulekile esiza ekugcineni ingcindezi ye-osmotic kanye nokudluliselwa kwemizwa yezinzwa.
Ngaphezu kwe-NaCl, umzimba udinga nezinye izimbiwa ezingaphili ngamanani amancane kodwa abalulekile, njenge-calcium (ngokuvamile ngesimo sama-compound nama-ion i-Ca²⁺), i-phosphate (PO₄³⁻), i-magnesium (Mg²⁺), kanye ne-potassium (K⁺). I-calcium ne-phosphate zakha isakhiwo samathambo namazinyo (isibonelo, ngesimo se-hydroxyapatite, i-Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH). I-magnesium iyadingeka emsebenzini we-enzyme kanye nomsebenzi wemisipha, kuyilapho i-potassium idlala indima ebhalansini kagesi yamaseli.
2. Indima yamakhemikhali angaphili emikhakheni yezempilo kanye neyokwelapha
Emkhakheni wezokunakekelwa kwempilo, amakhemikhali angaphili asetshenziswa ekwelapheni, ezithasiseleni, ngisho nakumadivayisi ezokwelapha. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi izixazululo zemithambo yegazi ezifana ne-0,9% NaCl (usawoti) ukuze kugcinwe umthamo woketshezi emzimbeni futhi kusize ekubuyiselweni kwamanzi emzimbeni. Ama-antacid, njenge-magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂), i-aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)₃), noma i-calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), asetshenziselwa ukuqeda i-asidi yesisu. Lawa amakhemikhali awusizo kubantu abane-gastritis noma izifo ezithile zesisu.
Kwezokwelapha amazinyo, amakhemikhali e-fluoride afana ne-sodium fluoride (NaF) noma i-stannous fluoride (SnF₂) atholakala ku-toothpaste ukusiza ukuqinisa i-enamel nokuvimbela ukubola kwamazinyo. I-fluoride isebenza ngokwandisa ukumelana kwe-enamel ne-asidi nokusiza ukuvuselelwa kwamaminerali.
Amakhemikhali angaphili akhona nasezibulalinimagciwane kanye nakuma-antiseptic. Isibonelo, i-hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza amanxeba (ngamazinga athile) ngoba ingabulala amagciwane ngezakhiwo zayo zokuxosha. Ezikhungweni zezempilo, amakhemikhali asekelwe ku-chlorine kanye ne-chlorine nawo asetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane kanye nokuhlanzeka kwemvelo.
3. Amakhemikhali angaphili kwezolimo kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla
Ezolimo zanamuhla zithembele kakhulu kumanyolo angaphili ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo. Izakhamzimba eziyinhloko zezitshalo zaziwa ngokuthi i-NPK: i-nitrogen (N), i-phosphorus (P), kanye ne-potassium (K). Izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃), i-urea (nakuba zihlukaniswa ngamakhemikhali njengezinto eziphilayo, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuvame ukuxoxwa ngako kanyekanye), i-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄), i-superphosphate (umanyolo osekelwe ku-phosphate), kanye ne-potassium chloride (KCl) zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuvunda kwenhlabathi.
I-phosphate isekela ukukhula kwezimpande kanye nokwakheka kwezimbali nezithelo. I-Potassium yandisa ukumelana kwezitshalo ekucindezelekeni nasezifweni, kuyilapho i-nitrogen ikhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo, njengokukhula kwamaqabunga neziqu. Ngaphandle kwalezi zakhamzimba, isivuno sezitshalo sizoncipha futhi ukuvikeleka kokudla kungase kube sengozini. Kodwa-ke, umanyolo ongaphili kumele usetshenziswe ngemithamo efanele ukugwema ukungcola kwamanzi ngokudla okunamafutha amaningi noma ukulimala kwesakhiwo senhlabathi.
Ngaphezu komanyolo, ezinye izinto ezingaphili zisebenza njengezinto ezibangela ukwakheka kwenhlabathi. I-Calcium carbonate (i-CaCO₃) noma i-dolomite (equkethe i-CaCO₃ kanye ne-MgCO₃) zisetshenziselwa ukukhulisa i-pH yenhlabathi ene-asidi eningi, okwenza kube lula ngezitshalo ukumunca izakhamzimba nokwandisa umsebenzi wamagciwane enhlabathini.
4. Izinto zokwakha kanye nengqalasizinda
Izinto eziningi zokwakha eziyisisekelo ziqukethe amakhemikhali angaphili. Isibonelo, usimende nokhonkolo kwakhiwe yizingxube eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-calcium silicate, i-calcium aluminate, kanye nezinye amakhemikhali amaminerali. Lapho usimende usabela emanzini, inqubo yokudonsa amanzi iyenzeka, ikhiqize isakhiwo esiqinile nesiqinile, okwenza kube yinto ebalulekile yokwakha izindlu, amabhuloho, imigwaqo, kanye nezakhiwo eziphakeme.
Ingilazi nayo iyinto ebalulekile engaphili. Ngokuvamile yenziwe nge-silica (SiO₂) exutshwe ne-sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) kanye ne-calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). Ingilazi isetshenziswa emafasiteleni, emabhodleleni, ezikrinini zedivayisi kagesi, ngisho nasezintweni ezisebenza ngogesi zokuxhumana.
I-ceramics kanye ne-porcelain ngezinye izibonelo. Lezi zinto zenziwe ngamaminerali e-silicate kanye nama-metal oxide, ashiswa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ukuze abe lukhuni, amelane nokushisa, futhi amelane nokugqwala. Ukusetshenziswa kwawo kufaka phakathi izitsha zokudla, amathayili, izivikelo zikagesi, ngisho nezingxenye zezimboni.
5. Amandla, ubuchwepheshe kanye nemboni yesimanje
Emkhakheni wamandla, amakhemikhali angaphili adlala indima kumabhethri, amaphaneli elanga, kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina amandla. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion, isibonelo, asebenzisa amakhemikhali angaphili njengama-cathode, njenge-lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂), i-lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), noma izinto ezisekelwe ku-nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC). Ama-electrolyte kanye nosawoti othile we-lithium asebenza ekuqhubeni ama-ion ukukhiqiza ugesi.
Kumaphaneli elanga, izinto ze-semiconductor ezifana ne-silicon (etholakala ku-silica) kanye nezinye izinto ezingaphili zisetshenziselwa ukuguqula amandla okukhanya abe ugesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imboni ye-elekthronikhi idinga ama-oxide nama-nitride ahlukahlukene angaphili njengezivikeli, iziqondisi, noma izendlalelo zokuvikela, njenge-silicon dioxide (SiO₂) njengesivikeli kuma-chips.
Embonini yamakhemikhali, amakhemikhali amaningi angaphili ayizinto ezibalulekile zokusetshenziswa. I-Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) yaziwa ngokuthi "inkosi yamakhemikhali" ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo kabanzi ekukhiqizeni umanyolo, ekuhlanzeni uwoyela, ekuhlanzeni insimbi, nasekukhiqizweni kwamanye amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene. I-Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) isetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwensipho, iphepha, izindwangu, kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi. I-Ammonia (NH₃) idlala indima enkulu ekukhiqizweni komanyolo we-nitrogen kanye namakhemikhali ahlukahlukene asuselwe kuwo.
6. Ukwelashwa kwamanzi nokuvikelwa kwemvelo
Amanzi ahlanzekile awahlukaniseki ngosizo lwezakhi ezingaphili. I-Chlorine (Cl₂) noma izakhi ze-hypochlorite zisetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane emanzini okuphuza ngoba ziyasebenza ekubulaleni amagciwane. Ukuze kucaciswe amanzi, i-alum (aluminium sulfate, i-Al₂(SO₄)₃) ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-coagulant, esiza ekuhlaliseni izinhlayiya ezincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-lime (Ca(OH)₂) ingasetshenziswa ukuqeda amanzi ane-asidi eningi futhi isize ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile.
Ekulawuleni ukungcola, kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali amaningana angaphili njengezinto ezifaka umoya kanye nama-catalyst. I-activated carbon (nakuba isekelwe ku-carbon, ivame ukuxoxwa ngayo kumongo wezinto) kanye nama-zeolite (ama-aluminosilicates) angafunxa ukungcola okuthile. Ezimotweni, ama-catalyst asekelwe ensimbi (isb., i-platinum, i-palladium, i-rhodium) asiza ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwegesi enobuthi ngokuguqula i-CO, i-NOx, nama-hydrocarbon abe amakhemikhali aphephile.
7. Imikhiqizo yasekhaya kanye nezidingo zansuku zonke
Imikhiqizo eminingi ekhaya iqukethe amakhemikhali angaphili. I-baking soda (i-sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)) isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokubilisa ukudla, isihlanzi esithambile, kanye ne-neutralizer yephunga. I-Bleach ivame ukusebenzisa i-sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), i-ejenti enamandla yokuxova esusa amabala futhi ibulale amagciwane ngempumelelo. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe lapho uyisebenzisa ukuze ugweme ukulimaza izindwangu noma ukuhogela ngokweqile.
Izinsipho zanamuhla zivame ukuqukatha izakhi ezifana ne-sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza, ikakhulukazi emanzini aqinile. Okwamanje, upende, imibala, kanye nezimonyo kungaqukatha ama-metal oxides afana ne-titanium dioxide (TiO₂), asebenza njengezinto zokumhlopheza kanye nokuvikela i-UV.
Isiphetho
Amakhemikhali angaphili angaphezulu nje kwezinto "ezingezona ikhabhoni" ezifundwa ekilasini lekhemistri, kodwa kunalokho ayizisekelo ezibalulekile ezisekela impilo yesimanje. Akhona emanzini namaminerali omzimba, asekela impilo ngemithi kanye nezibulala-magciwane, andisa isivuno sezolimo, akha izinto zokwakha, ubuchwepheshe bamandla kagesi, futhi agcina ikhwalithi yamanzi kanye nemvelo. Ngenkathi ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali angaphili kunikeza izinzuzo eziningi, kusadinga ukusetshenziswa okuhlakaniphile, okuphephile, nokuqhubekayo ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela emibi empilweni kanye nemvelo. Ngokuqonda okufanele, amakhemikhali angaphili azoqhubeka nokuba yingxenye ebalulekile yokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yokuphila kwabantu.
