Izici Ezithinta Isivinini Sokusabela
Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuyinqubo lapho into eyodwa noma eziningi zishintsha khona ukuze zakhe into eyodwa noma eziningi ezintsha. Akuzona zonke izindlela zamakhemikhali ezenzeka ngesivinini esifanayo; ezinye zingashesha kakhulu, njengokuqhuma, kanti ezinye zingaba kancane kakhulu, njengokugqwala kwensimbi. Izici ezahlukahlukene zithinta izinga lokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezinye zezinto eziyinhloko ezithinta izinga lokusabela, okuhlanganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-reactant, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, indawo engaphezulu, kanye nokuba khona kwe-catalyst.
Ukugxila kwe-Reactant
Esinye sezici ezithinta ngqo izinga lokusabela kwamakhemikhali ukuhlushwa kwama-reactants. Ngokusho kwethiyori yokushayisana, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka lapho izinhlayiya ze-reactant zishayisana namandla anele ukudlula amandla okusebenza adingekayo ekusabela. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukuhlushwa kwama-reactants kuphakeme, kulapho amathuba okushayisana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwezinhlayiya ze-reactant ekhuphuka khona, okuphinde kwandise izinga lokusabela.
Isibonelo, uma sincibilikisa ushukela emanzini bese sifaka i-hydrochloric acid, ukusabela kuzoshesha njengoba ukugcwala kwe-hydrochloric acid kukhula. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-molecule e-hydrochloric acid amaningi ayatholakala ukuze ashayisane nama-molecule kashukela, ngaleyo ndlela kusheshiswe izinga lokusabela.
Suhu
Izinga lokushisa liphinde libe nomthelela omkhulu esilinganisweni sokuphendula kwamakhemikhali. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kuvame ukwandisa amazinga okusabela ngoba izinhlayiya zithola amandla amakhulu e-kinetic. Lawa mandla e-kinetic akhuphukile asho ukuthi izinhlayiya eziningi zizoba namandla anele okunqoba amandla okusebenza adingekayo ekusabela.
Izinguquko zokushisa zidlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukusabela kwamakhemikhali embonini nasemalebhu. Isibonelo, ukubilisa okusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni utshwala kungasheshiswa ngokwandisa izinga lokushisa; noma kunjalo, uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu, ukusabela kungayeka ngoba ama-enzyme (ama-catalyst ezinto eziphilayo) angawohloka.
I-Tekanan
Ukucindezela kuthinta kakhulu izinga lokusabela kwegesi. Ngokwandisa ukucindezela, sinciphisa kakhulu ivolumu yesistimu yokusabela, okwandisa ukugcwala kwezinhlayiya zegesi endaweni evalekile. Lokhu kwandisa amathuba okushayisana phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezisabelayo, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise izinga lokusabela.
Isibonelo, ekuhlanganisweni kwe-ammonia evela ku-nitrogen ne-hydrogen (inqubo ye-Haber), ukucindezela okwandayo kungenza ukusabela kusheshe futhi kuphumelele kakhudlwana. Kodwa-ke, kunomkhawulo osebenzayo wokwandisa ukucindezela ngaphambi kokufinyelela eqophelweni lapho ukwanda okwengeziwe kungasanikezi izinzuzo ezibalulekile uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko ezengeziwe kanye nezinselele zobuchwepheshe ezihlotshaniswa nezinhlelo zokucindezela okuphezulu.
Indawo engaphezulu
Indawo engaphezulu yama-reactants nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni amazinga okusabela. Uma indawo engaphezulu etholakalayo inkulu, kulula kakhulu ukuthi izinhlayiya ze-reactant zishayisane. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kuma-reactants esigabeni esiqinile.
Isibonelo, i-magnesium powder izosabela ngokushesha kakhulu ne-hydrochloric acid kunezingcezu ezinkulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-magnesium powder inendawo enkulu kakhulu engasebenzisana nama-molecule e-hydrochloric acid ngempumelelo enkulu.
I-Catalyst
I-catalyst yinto ekhulisa izinga lokusabela ngaphandle kokudliwa ekusabeleni ngokwayo. Ama-catalyst asebenza ngokuhlinzeka ngendlela ehlukile yokusabela okunamandla okusebenza aphansi kunendlela yokusabela engakahlelwanga. Ngokwehlisa amandla okusebenza, i-catalyst ivumela ama-molecule amaningi asabelayo ukuba abe namandla anele okusabela ekushiseni okufanayo.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-catalyst: ama-catalyst angafani kanye nama-catalyst afanayo. Ama-catalyst angafani asesigabeni esihlukile kuma-reactant, njenge-platinum ore esetshenziswa kuma-converter e-catalytic ezimoto. Ama-catalyst afanayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, asesigabeni esifanayo nama-reactant, njenge-sulfuric acid esetshenziswa eku-esterification.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-catalyst kubalulekile embonini yamakhemikhali, lapho ukusebenza kahle kokusabela kubalulekile enhlalakahleni yezomnotho. Isibonelo, ekukhiqizweni kwe-sulfur dioxide ekushisweni kwe-sulfur, ukusetshenziswa kwama-catalyst kusiza ukusheshisa ukusabela nokunciphisa izidingo zamandla.
Ukuba khona kwezithibi
Nakuba ama-catalyst andisa izinga lokusabela, ama-inhibitor ayizinto ezikunciphisa ijubane. Ama-inhibitor asebenza ngezindlela ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa nokwandisa amandla okusebenza noma ukuphula i-catalyst. Isibonelo, izilondolozi zokudla ezifana ne-benzoic acid zisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukukhula kwama-microorganisms ngokuphazamisa ama-enzyme adingekayo ekukhuleni kwawo.
Ukubaluleka Kokuqondiswa Kwama-Molecular
Akuzona zonke izingxabano phakathi kwama-molecule asabelayo ezibangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali; ukuqondiswa kwama-molecule ngesikhathi sokushayisana nakho kubalulekile. Ukushayisana okuphumelelayo kwenzeka lapho ama-molecule ehlangana ngendlela efanele ukuze akhe umkhiqizo omusha. Isibonelo, ekusabeleni phakathi kwama-molecule e-hydrogen ne-iodine ukuze kukhiqizwe i-hydrogen iodide, ama-molecule e-hydrogen ne-iodine kumele ashayisane ngendlela eletha ama-athomu e-hydrogen ekuthintaneni ngqo nama-athomu e-iodine.
Isiphetho
Izinga lokusabela kwamakhemikhali lithonywa izici ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuhlushwa kwe-reactant, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, indawo engaphezulu, kanye nokuba khona kwama-catalyst noma ama-inhibitor. Ukuqonda ukuthi ngayinye yalezi zinto idlala kanjani indima kungasisiza ukuklama ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okusheshayo nangokusebenza kahle, kokubili elabhorethri kanye nasezimbonini.
Emsebenzini wangempela, ukwenza ngcono ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuvame ukudinga indlela enezici eziningi. Isibonelo, embonini yezemithi, ngisho nokwenyuka okuncane kwamazinga okusabela kungasho umehluko omkhulu ekukhiqizweni nasekusebenzeni kahle komkhiqizo, ekugcineni kunciphise izindleko nesikhathi sokukhiqiza.
Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda kahle izici ezithinta amazinga okusabela akubalulekile nje kuphela kumongo wesayensi kodwa futhi kunemiphumela ebanzi engokoqobo.
