Indlela Yokunquma Amafomula E-Empirical kanye ne-Molecular
Kumakhemikhali, ukuqonda ukwakheka kwe-compound kuyisinyathelo esiyisisekelo sokuqaphela izakhiwo zayo, ukusabela kwayo, ngisho nendlela elungiselelwa ngayo. Imiqondo emibili ebalulekile evame ukuvela ezifundweni ze-chemistry amafomula angokombono kanye namafomula ama-molecule. Nakuba womabili "amafomula" e-compound, anezincazelo ezahlukene. Ifomula engokombono ikhombisa isilinganiso esilula kakhulu senani lama-athomu ayingxenye, kuyilapho ifomula yama-molecule ikhombisa inani langempela lama-athomu ku-molecule. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela yokunquma kokubili ngokuhlelekile, kuqedwe ngezinyathelo zokubala nezibonelo.
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1. Ukuqonda Amafomula Angokomlando
Ifomula ye-empirical iyifomula yamakhemikhali eveza isilinganiso esilula kakhulu (esincane kunazo zonke) sama-athomu ku-compound. Le fomula ayifani ngaso sonke isikhathi nefomula yama-molecule.
Isibonelo:
– I-glucose ehlanganisiwe inefomula yama-molecule C₆H₁₂O₆, kodwa ifomula yayo ye-empirical yi-CH₂O (ngoba zonke izinkomba zihlukaniswa ngo-6).
Amafomula aqanjiwe awusizo kakhulu lapho idatha etholakalayo ingamaphesenti amaningi ezinto noma imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwezinto, ngoba amaphesenti amaningi ancishiswa kalula abe yizilinganiso zama-mole.
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2. Ukuqonda Amafomula Amamolekyuli
Ifomula yama-molecule isho inani langempela lama-athomu ento ngayinye ku-molecule ye-compound. Ifomula yama-molecule ivame ukuba yi-multiple yefomula ye-empirical.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwalaba ababili:
– Ifomula yama-molecule = (Ifomula yobufakazi) × n
– lapho u-n eyinombolo ephelele (1, 2, 3, njll.)
Uma u-n = 1, khona-ke ifomula yama-molecule iyafana nefomula ye-empirical.
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3. Idatha Edingekayo
Ukuze kutholakale ifomula ye-empirical kanye nefomula yama-molecule, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka:
1. Ukwakheka kwezinto eziyisisekelo, isibonelo:
– iphesenti lesisindo sento ngayinye (isb. C = 40%, H = 6,7%, O = 53,3%)
– noma isisindo sezakhi ezikusampula
2. Mr (isisindo sama-molecule esihlobene) noma isisindo sama-molar se-compound (ukunquma ifomula yama-molecule)
Ngaphandle kukaMnu., singanquma kuphela ifomula yobufakazi.
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4. Izinyathelo Zokunquma Ifomula Eyisisekelo
Nazi izinyathelo ezijwayelekile ezingasetshenziswa cishe kuyo yonke imibuzo:
Isinyathelo 1: Cabanga ukuthi isisindo esiphelele singamagremu ayi-100 (uma idatha ingamaphesenti)
Uma ukwakheka kunikezwa ngamaphesenti esisindo, cabanga ngesampula engu-100 g. Bese:
– amaphesenti esisindo = amagremu isisindo
Isibonelo: 40% C kusho 40 g C ku-100 g yenhlanganisela.
Isinyathelo sesi-2: Guqula isisindo sento ngayinye sibe ama-moles
Sebenzisa ifomula:
– i-mole = isisindo (g) ÷ Ar
I-Ar iyisisindo se-athomu esihlobene (isb. C = 12, H = 1, O = 16, N = 14, njll.)
Isinyathelo 3: Thola isilinganiso se-mole esilula kakhulu
Hlukanisa wonke amanani e-mole ngenani elincane kakhulu le-mole. Umgomo uwukuthola isilinganiso sisondele enanini eliphelele.
Isinyathelo 4: Uma isilinganiso singeyona inombolo ephelele, siphindaphinde ngesici esithile.
Ngezinye izikhathi umphumela wokuhlukanisa uveza izinombolo ezifana nalezi:
– 1: 1,5: 1 → phinda u-2 ube ngu-2: 3: 2
– 1: 1,33: 1 → phinda u-3 ube ngu-3: 4: 3
– 1: 1,25: 1 → phinda u-4 ube ngu-4: 5: 4
Uma isiba yinombolo ephelele, leyo yinkomba yefomula ye-empirical.
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5. Isibonelo Sokunquma Amafomula Angokomlando
Umbuzo: I-compound yakhiwe ngu-40% C, 6,7% H, kanye no-53,3% O. Thola ifomula yayo ye-empirical.
Isixazululo:
1) Cabanga ngamagremu ayi-100 enhlanganisela:
– C = 40 g
– H = 6,7 g
– O = 53,3 g
2) Guqula kube ama-moles:
– i-mol C = 40/12 = 3,33
– i-mol H = 6,7/1 = 6,7
– i-mol O = 53,3/16 = 3,33
3) Hlukanisa nge-mole encane kunazo zonke (3,33):
– C: 3,33/3,33 = 1
– Ih: 6,7/3,33 ≈ 2,01 ≈ 2
– O: 3,33/3,33 = 1
Isilinganiso singu-1: 2: 1 → ifomula ye-empirical = CH₂O.
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6. Indlela Yokuthola Ifomula Yamamolekyuli
Uma ifomula ye-empirical isitholiwe, ifomula yama-molecule inganqunywa ukuthi isisindo se-molar se-compound siyaziwa yini.
Isinyathelo 1: Bala isisindo sefomula yobufakazi (Mr empirical)
UMnu Ongokoqobo = isamba (inkomba ye-Ar ×) yawo wonke ama-athomu kufomula yobufakazi.
Isinyathelo 2: Thola inani lika-n
Sebenzisa:
– n = (Mnu wenhlanganisela yangempela) ÷ (Mnu we-empirical)
Inani lika-n kumele libe yinombolo ephelele.
Isinyathelo 3: Phindaphinda zonke izinkomba kufomula ye-empirical ngo-n
Umphumela uba ifomula yama-molecule.
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7. Isibonelo Sokuthola Ifomula Yamamolekyuli
Umbuzo: I-compound inefomula ye-empirical CH₂O kanye nesisindo se-molar esingu-180 g/mol. Thola ifomula yayo yama-molecule.
Isixazululo:
1) Bala uMnu CH₂O ongokoqobo:
– C = 12
– H₂ = 2 × 1 = 2
-O = 16
Isamba = 12 + 2 + 16 = 30 g/mol
2) Bala n:
– n = 180 ÷ 30 = 6
3) Ifomula yama-molecule:
– (CH₂O) × 6 = C₆H₁₂O₆
Ngakho ifomula yama-molecule yi-C₆H₁₂O₆.
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8. Amathiphu Okugwema Amaphutha Avamile
1. Sebenzisa i-Ar efanele nehambisanayo. Iphutha elincane ekuhlukaniseni lingashintsha isilinganiso.
2. Uma unquma isilinganiso, sizungeze ngokunengqondo: 1,99 ≈ 2; 3,01 ≈ 3.
3. Uma ubona ingxenye efana no-1,5 noma u-1,25, ungayifinyeleli ngokushesha; phinda-phinda zonke izilinganiso ukuze wenze inombolo ephelele.
4. Qiniseka ukuthi inani lika-n lefomula yama-molecule liyi-integer. Uma kungeyona i-integer, hlola kabili i-mole noma i-Mr. calculation.
5. Khumbula: ifomula yobufakazi iyindlela elula kakhulu, kuyilapho ifomula yama-molecule ingaba “nkulu” njenge-multiple.
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9. Isiphetho
Ukunquma amafomula e-empirical kanye nama-molecule kuyikhono elibalulekile kumakhemikhali ngoba kusiza ekwembuleni ubunikazi kanye nokwakheka kwama-compounds. Amafomula e-empirical atholakala ku-mole ratio yezinto ngendlela elula kakhulu, kuyilapho amafomula e-molecule enqunywa ngokuphindaphinda ifomula ye-empirical nge-factor n, etholakala ku-ratio ye-molar mass ye-compound kuya ku-empirical formula mass. Ngokuzijwayeza okuqhubekayo kanye nokucubungula ngokucophelela idatha ye-mass kanye ne-mole, inqubo yokunquma lawa mafomula amabili izoba lula futhi isheshe.
Uma uthanda, ngingangeza imibuzo yokuzijwayeza engu-2-3 kanye nezincazelo ukuze kuqiniswe ukuqonda.
