Indlela Yokufunda Ithebula Lezikhathi
Ithebula le-periodic lingenye yamathuluzi ayisisekelo futhi abalulekile kakhulu kumakhemikhali. Ngokuqonda ukuthi ungalifunda kanjani ithebula le-periodic, uzokwazi ukuqonda izici, ukuziphatha, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto. Kwabaqalayo, ukubheka ithebula le-periodic, eligcwele izinombolo nezimpawu, kungaba yinto edidayo. Kodwa-ke, ngencazelo eningiliziwe kanye nesikhathi esincane, uzothola ithebula linengqondo kakhulu futhi kulula ukuliqonda.
Iyini Ithebula Lezikhathi Ezivamile?
Ithebula le-periodic liwuhlu lwezinto zamakhemikhali ezihlelwe ngokwenombolo yazo ye-athomu, ukwakheka kwama-electron, kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali. Laqala ukwakhiwa nguDmitri Mendeleev ngo-1869, yize liye lavuselelwa kakhulu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Isakhiwo Esiyisisekelo Sethebula Lezikhathi
Ukuze uqonde ithebula le-periodic, okokuqala udinga ukwazi ngemiqondo emibili eyisisekelo: izikhathi kanye namaqembu.
isikhathi
Inkathi iwumugqa ovundlile kuthebula lezikhathi. Kunezikhathi eziyisikhombisa kuthebula lezikhathi lanamuhla. Inombolo yenkathi ikhombisa inani lezingqimba zama-electron i-athomu ngayinye kuleyo nkathi enazo. Isibonelo, zonke izakhi enkathini yokuqala zinengqimba eyodwa yama-electron, kuyilapho izakhi enkathini yesibili zinezimbili, njalo njalo.
Iqembu
Iqembu liyikholomu eqondile etafuleni le-periodic. Kunamaqembu ayi-18 etafuleni le-periodic lanamuhla. Izinto eziseqenjini elifanayo zinenani elifanayo lama-electron e-valence, okusho ukuthi zinezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezifanayo. Isibonelo, zonke izinto eziseqenjini 1, ezaziwa nangokuthi izinsimbi ze-alkali, zine-electron eyodwa ye-valence futhi zisabela kakhulu.
Inombolo ye-Athomu
Inombolo ye-athomu iyinombolo yama-proton ku-nucleus ye-athomu futhi iyinombolo enquma ukuthi i-element iyini. Inombolo ye-athomu itholakala ekhoneni eliphezulu kwesobunxele lebhokisi le-element ngayinye kuthebula le-periodic. Isibonelo, i-hydrogen inenombolo ye-athomu engu-1, okusho ukuthi ine-proton eyodwa ku-nucleus yayo.
Izimpawu Eziyisisekelo
Uphawu lwesakhi luyisifinyezo sezinhlamvu esisodwa noma ezimbili esisetshenziselwa ukumela isakhi esithile. Lolu phawu lususelwa egameni lesiLatini noma lesiNgisi lesakhi. Isibonelo, uphawu lwe-hydrogen ngu-"H," kanti uphawu lwekhabhoni ngu-"C."
Igama Lesici
Igama lesici livame ukubhalwa ngaphansi kophawu lwesici. Kwamanye amathebula e-periodic, leli gama lingase lingaboniswa njalo ukuze kongiwe isikhala, ikakhulukazi emathebulani aklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwelabhorethri noma ekilasini.
Isisindo se-Athomu
Isisindo se-athomu yinani eliphelele lama-proton nama-neutron ku-nucleus ye-athomu. Ngokuvamile livezwa ngamayunithi esisindo se-athomu (u). Isisindo se-athomu sitholakala ngaphansi kophawu lwesici noma ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokudla lebhokisi lesici. Isisindo se-athomu ngokuvamile asiyona inombolo ephelele ngoba iyisilinganiso sesisindo sazo zonke i-isotopes ezenzeka ngokwemvelo zaleso sici.
Ukucushwa kwe-Electron
Ukucushwa kwama-electron kukhombisa ukuthi ama-electron asatshalaliswa kanjani ezingqimbeni ezahlukene zama-electron ezizungeze i-nucleus ye-athomu. Lokhu kuvame ukuboniswa kuthebula le-periodic elinemininingwane eminingi noma kungabalwa kusetshenziswa imithetho ethile ngokusekelwe ezinombolo zenkathi neqembu.
Amabhulokhi Ethebula Lezikhathi
Izinto ezisetafuleni le-periodic zingahlukaniswa zibe amabhlogo amane ngokusekelwe ku-subshell yazo yokugcina:
1. Ibhloko lika-S: Liqukethe amaqembu 1 no-2, kanye ne-hydrogen ne-helium.
2. Ibhulokhi p: Liqukethe amaqembu angu-13 kuya kwangu-18.
3. Ibhulokhi d: Liqukethe amaqembu 3 kuya ku-12, aziwa nangokuthi izakhi zokuguquka.
4. f Ibhloko: Kufaka phakathi ama-lanthanide nama-actinide, avame ukubekwa phansi kwetafula ukuze kongiwe isikhala.
Izinto Ezikhethekile
Izinto Zokuguquka
Izinto eziguqukayo yizinto ezitholakala ku-d-block yethebula le-periodic. Ngokuvamile zinezimo ezingaphezu kweyodwa ze-oxidation futhi zivame ukwakha ama-compounds anemibala. Zihlanganisa insimbi (Fe), ithusi (Cu), kanye negolide (Au).
Ama-Lanthanides nama-Actinides
Ama-Lanthanides nama-actinide ayimigqa emibili yezinto ezitholakala phansi kwethebula le-periodic. Aziwa ngokuthi izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile futhi ikakhulukazi anemisebe, okuhlanganisa i-uranium (U) ne-plutonium (Pu).
Izinsimbi, Ezingezona Izinsimbi, kanye ne-Metalloids
Izinto ezisetafuleni le-periodic zingahlukaniswa njengezinsimbi, ezingezona izinsimbi, noma i-metalloids:
– Izinsimbi: Ngokuvamile zitholakala ngakwesobunxele naphakathi kwethebula le-periodic. Ziyahambisa, ziyakhazimula, futhi ziyaguquguquka.
– Okungewona Amatshe: Atholakala ngakwesokudla kwethebula le-periodic. Azikwazi ukudonsa umoya futhi zivame ukuba khona njengamagesi noma izinto eziqinile eziqhekekayo.
– Ama-Metalloids: Anezakhiwo phakathi kwezinsimbi kanye nezingezona izinsimbi. Ahlanganisa i-boron (B), i-silicon (Si), kanye ne-arsenic (As).
Izinto Zemvelo Nezokwenziwa
Iningi lezinto ezisetafuleni le-periodic zitholakala ngokwemvelo, kodwa ezinye izinto zadalwa abantu ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwenuzi. Lezi zinto ngokuvamile ziyizinto ezisindayo ezitholakala phansi kwetafuleni le-periodic futhi zivame ukuba nemisebe.
I-Isotope
Ama-Isotope ayizinhlobo zesakhi esinenani elifanayo lama-proton kodwa izinombolo ezahlukene zama-neutron. Ithebula le-periodic livame ukubonisa isisindo se-athomu esimaphakathi sawo wonke ama-isotope avela ngokwemvelo aleso sakhi, kodwa alinikezi ulwazi oluqondile mayelana nama-isotope ngamanye.
Isiphetho
Ukufunda ithebula lezinto eziphila isikhathi eside kungase kubonakale kuyinkimbinkimbi ekuqaleni, kodwa ngokuqonda izikhathi, amaqembu, izinombolo ze-athomu, izimpawu zezinto, ubuningi be-athomu, kanye neminye imiqondo echazwe ngenhla, ungayisebenzisa kalula njengethuluzi lokuqonda izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zezinto. Ithebula lezinto eziphila isikhathi eside liyisisekelo esibalulekile hhayi nje kuphela sekhemistri kodwa nakweminye imikhakha eminingi yesayensi, futhi ukuqonda kahle ukuthi ungalifunda kanjani ithebula lezinto eziphila isikhathi eside kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sempumelelo ezifundweni zesayensi.
