Iyini Ithebula Lezikhathi Ezivamile Ekhemistri?
Ithebula le-periodic lingenye yamathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu kukhemistri, linikeza umbono ohlelekile wezinto ezakha yonke into endaweni yonke. Lethulwa okokuqala nguDmitri Mendeleev ngo-1869, seliyinkomba ebalulekile kososayensi, abafundisi, kanye nabafundi emhlabeni jikelele. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuthi liyini ithebula le-periodic, ukuthi lisebenza kanjani, nokuthi kungani libaluleke kangaka kukhemistri.
### Umsuka Wethebula Lezikhathi Ezivamile
UDmitri Mendeleev, isazi samakhemikhali saseRussia, uvame ukubhekwa njengoyise wethebula lezinto eziphila isikhathi eside. Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, ososayensi base bethole izakhi eziningi, kodwa babesantula indlela ehlelekile yokuzihlukanisa. UMendeleev wahlela izakhi ezaziwa ngaleso sikhathi ngesisindo sazo se-athomu, futhi waphawula amaphethini aphindaphindayo ezicini zazo zamakhemikhali. Ngokuhlela lezi zakhi etafuleni ngokusekelwe ezisindweni zazo ze-athomu kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali, uMendeleev wakwazi ukubikezela ukuba khona kwezinto ezazingakatholakali futhi wabikezela izakhiwo zazo ngokunemba okukhulu.
### Isakhiwo kanye Nokuhlelwa Kwethebula Lezikhathi
Ithebula le-periodic lanamuhla lihlelwe ngenombolo ye-athomu, okuyinani lama-proton ku-nucleus ye-athomu yento. Into ngayinye kuthebula le-periodic imelelwe uphawu lwamakhemikhali oluhlukile, njengo-"H" we-hydrogen kanye no-"O" we-oxygen. Izinto kuthebula le-periodic zihlelwe ngemigqa evundlile ebizwa ngokuthi ama-period kanye namakholomu aqondile abizwa ngokuthi amaqembu.
1. Inkathi: Zonke izakhi esikhathini zinenani elifanayo lamagobolondo e-electron. Kusukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla phakathi nesikhathi, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zezakhi ziyashintsha kancane kancane. Isibonelo, esikhathini sesi-3, i-sodium (Na) enenombolo ye-athomu engu-11 ine-electron eyodwa egobolondweni layo langaphandle, kuyilapho i-argon (Ar) enenombolo ye-athomu engu-18 inama-electron ayisishiyagalombili egobolondweni layo langaphandle.
2. Iqembu: Izinto eziseqenjini elifanayo zinezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezifanayo ngoba zinenani elifanayo lama-electron e-valence. Isibonelo, iqembu 1A noma iqembu lezinsimbi ze-alkali liqukethe izinto ezifana ne-lithium (Li), i-sodium (Na), kanye ne-potassium (K), zonke ezine-electron eyodwa ye-valence.
### Isigaba Esiyinhloko Sezinto
Izakhi ezisetafuleni le-periodic nazo zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezibanzi njengezinsimbi, okungezona izinsimbi, kanye ne-metalloids.
1. Izinsimbi: Iningi lezinto ezisetafuleni le-periodic ziyizinsimbi. Ngokuvamile zitholakala ngakwesobunxele naphakathi kwetafula. Izinsimbi zibonakala ngezici ezifana nokukhanya, ikhono lokuhambisa ugesi nokushisa, kanye nokuguquguquka. Izibonelo zezinsimbi zifaka phakathi insimbi (Fe), ithusi (Cu), negolide (Au).
2. Okungewona izinsimbi: Okungewona izinsimbi kuvame ukutholakala ohlangothini lwesokudla lwethebula le-periodic. Azihambisi ugesi futhi azishisi kahle futhi zivame ukuqhekeka ngesimo esiqinile. Izibonelo zokungewona izinsimbi zifaka i-oxygen (O), i-nitrogen (N), kanye ne-sulfur (S).
3. Ama-Metalloids: Ama-Metalloids anezakhiwo eziphakathi kwezinsimbi nezingezona izinsimbi. Avame ukutholakala emgqeni weladi ohlukanisa izinsimbi nezingezona izinsimbi kuthebula le-periodic. Izibonelo zama-metalloids zifaka phakathi i-silicon (Si), i-germanium (Ge), kanye ne-arsenic (As).
### Ukubaluleka kweThebula Lezikhathi Ezivamile
Ithebula le-periodic aliyona nje ithuluzi lokuhlela izakhi; futhi liyithuluzi elinamandla lokubikezela. Ngokwazi indawo yesakhi kuthebula le-periodic, isazi semithi singabikezela eziningi zezakhiwo zaso zomzimba nezamakhemikhali. Ezinye izici ezibalulekile ezibikezelwayo zifaka:
1. Ukusabela: Izinto eziseqenjini elifanayo zivame ukuba nokusabela okufanayo. Isibonelo, izinto eziseqenjini lezinsimbi ze-alkali zisabela kakhulu emanzini futhi zikhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen.
2. Ukucushwa Kwe-Electron: Indawo ethebuleni le-periodic inikeza izinkomba mayelana nokucushwa kwe-electron yento. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ama-athomu asebenzisana kanjani futhi akhe kanjani izibopho zamakhemikhali namanye ama-athomu.
3. Izakhiwo Ezibonakalayo: Ubuningi, iphuzu lokuncibilika, kanye nephuzu lokubila lezinto ngokuvamile kuyahlukahluka ngezikhathi ezithile etafuleni. Lokhu kuvumela ososayensi ukuthi benze izilinganiso ezinembile zezakhiwo ezingokoqobo zezinto okungenzeka ukuthi zisanda kutholwa noma ezingakafundwa ngokujulile.
### Ukuvela Kwethebula Lezikhathi Ezivamile
Kusukela ekusungulweni kukaMendeleev, ithebula lezinto eziphila isikhathi eside liye lashintsha kakhulu. Ukutholakala kwama-isotope, okwabonisa ukuthi into efanayo ingaba nesisindo se-athomu esihlukene ngenxa yenani lama-neutron ku-nucleus, kwaba yintuthuko ebalulekile. Futhi, abanye abavumbuli, njengoHenry Moseley, babonise ukuthi inombolo ye-athomu, hhayi isisindo se-athomu, kufanele ibe yisisekelo sokuhlela izinto kuthebula lezinto eziphila isikhathi eside. Lokhu kwasiza ekuxazululeni okunye kokungafani etafuleni likaMendeleev.
Ithebula le-periodic liphinde lathuthuka ngokutholakala kwezinto ezintsha. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izinto eziningi zokwenziwa zenziwe futhi zengezwa kuthebula le-periodic, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini e-actinide kanye ne-lanthanide kanye nasenkathini yesikhombisa.
### Kungani Ithebula Lezikhathi Ezivamile Lisebenza Namuhla?
Ithebula le-periodic liyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngoba ikhemistri lihlala liyisisekelo esibalulekile kwezinye izinkambu eziningi zesayensi, njenge-biochemistry, i-physics, isayensi yezinto zokwakha, nokuningi. Liyithuluzi lokufundisa elibalulekile, elisiza abafundi ukuqonda imiqondo eyisisekelo njengokubopha kwamakhemikhali, ukusabela, kanye nokucushwa kwama-electron kusukela besebancane. Embonini, osokhemistri basebenzisa ithebula le-periodic ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemikhiqizo emisha, izinqubo zokukhiqiza, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemvelo.
### Isiphetho
Ithebula le-periodic aliyona nje i-diagram; liyithuluzi eliyisisekelo elihlanganisa lonke ulwazi lwethu ngezinto zamakhemikhali ngendlela eyodwa ephelele nefinyelelekayo. Ngethebula le-periodic, singaqonda futhi sibikezele izakhiwo zezinto ezenza indawo yonke ibe nobubanzi obuhlukahlukene kangaka. Kusukela emfundweni eyisisekelo kuya ocwaningweni oluthuthukisiwe, ithebula le-periodic lihlala lingenye yeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi, lihlala lizivumelanisa nezimo futhi lishintsha ngokuthola okusha kumakhemikhali.
